Fungi

Question 1

What are fungi?

Answer 1

Mushrooms, mildews, moulds and yeasts

Question 2

Are fungi eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

Answer 2

Eukaryotic (nucleus, cell organelles enclosed by membrane)

Question 3

What is the study of fungi?

Answer 3

Mycology

Question 5

What are fungi cell walls made from?

Answer 5

Chitin

Question 6

What is a difference between plant and fungi walls?

Answer 6

Fungi cell walls are made from a carb called chitin, plant cells walls are made of cellulose

Question 7

What are fungi made up of?

Answer 7

Tubes called hyphae

Question 8

What do hyphae form?

Answer 8

A visible mass called mycelium

Question 9

Do fungi have chlorophyll ?

Answer 9

No

Question 10

Are fungi heterotrophic or autotrophic?

Answer 10

Heterotrophic (take in food)

Question 11

What types of heterotrophs can fungi be?

Answer 11

Saprophytic (absorb food from dead host) or parasitic (live on living host)

Question 12

What are examples of fungal parasites that cause disease?

Answer 12

Athlete’s foot and ringworm

Question 13

What are obligate parasites?

Answer 13

Fungi causing mildews, smuts and rust that can only live on live hosts and do not normally kill their host

Question 14

What are facultative parasites?

Answer 14

Fungi causing soft rots in fruit, it may kill the host and live on its remains

Question 15

Are most fungi saprophytic or parasitic?

Answer 15

Saprophytic

Question 16

Where are saprophytic fungi commonly found?

Answer 16

Soil and on rotting leaves, trees and dead animals

Question 17

What are examples of saprophytic fungi?

Answer 17

Mushrooms and moulds

Question 18

What do saprophytic fungi act as?

Answer 18

Decomposers

Question 19

Why are saprophytic fungi good for the environment?

Answer 19

As the material is digested, minerals are released and recycled.

Question 20

What are above ground edible fungi?

Answer 20

Standard field mushroom and morels

Question 21

What are underground edible fungi?

Answer 21

Truffles

Question 22

What are the most poisonous mushrooms?

Answer 22

Death cap and the destroying angel

Question 23

What is rhizopus?

Answer 23

Saprophyte of starchy foods (e.g. bread, veg peelings).

Question 24

What does the rhizopus secrete?

Answer 24

Enzymes

Question 25

How does bread mould fungus appear?

Answer 25

Bread mould fungus appears as black circular patches.

Question 26

What does rhizopus consist of ?

Answer 26

Hyphae

Question 27

Do rhizopus have cross walls?

Answer 27

No cross walls (asepate)

Question 28

Do rhizopus have multiple or one nucleus?

Answer 28

Multinucleated

Question 29

Are rhizopus nuclei haploid or diploid?

Answer 29

Haploid

Question 30

What is a mass of hyphae called?

Answer 30

Mycelium

Question 31

What is a stolon?

Answer 31

A stolon is an aerial hypha which allows the fungus to spread more rapidly.

Question 32

What are rhizoids?

Answer 32

Rhizoids are hyphae that grow into the substrate and provide extra surface area for absorption (enzymes). Also for anchorage

Question 34

What is the process of asexual reproduction for a rhizopus?

Answer 34

- Some hyphae grow up from the surface of the substrate. These are called sporangiophores. - Their tip swells to produce a sporangium whose contents divide by mitosis to form numerous spores. - Each spore has at least one haploid nucleus. - The base of the sporangium is a wall called columella. - The columella surrounds a swollen area called the apophysis. - In dry conditions, the black sporangium dries out and opens to release many spores. - Each spore blows away and grows into a new hypha and mycelium if it lands on a suitable substrate.

Question 35

What two strains can rhizopus exist as?

Answer 35

Plus and minus strains

Question 36

What is the process of sexual reproduction in rhizopus?

Answer 36

1. Hyphae from opposite strains grow close together. 2. Swellings form opposite each other. 3. The swellings touch. 4. Nuclei move into each swelling forming progametangia. 4. Cross walls form to produce gametangia, which are held in place by suspensors. 5. The walls between the gametangia dissolve. 6. Many fertilisations produce a number of diploid zygote nuclei. 7. The zygospore (which is diploid) can remain dormant for a long time. 8. When conditions are suitable the zygospore germinates by meiosis. 9. A haploid hypha grows out of the zygospore and produces a sporangium at the tip. 10. The sporangium releases many haploid spores, which blow away to produce new hyphae and mycelia.

Question 37

How many cells do yeast have?

Answer 37

Single called (unicellular) fungi

Question 38

What shape is yeast?

Answer 38

Oval shape

Question 39

What are yeast walls made of ?

Answer 39

Chitin

Question 40

How many nuclei do yeast have?

Answer 40

One nucleus

Question 41

How do yeast respire?

Answer 41

Anaerobically (without oxygen)

Question 42

What is the formula for alcohol production with yeast?

Answer 42

Glucose —> 2 ethanol + 2 carbon dioxide

Question 43

How does the asexual reproduction of yeast occur?

Answer 43

By budding

Question 44

What is the process of asexual reproduction in yeast?

Answer 44

- parent cell divides by mitosis, one nucleus and some cytoplasm enter bud - bud may separate to form individual yeast cell - sometimes bud remains attached to parent cell - each new bud may divide again - a colony can form - this occurs when yeast is growing rapidly - the colony is temporary, later divides into single cells

Question 45

What are economic benefits of fungi?

Answer 45

- produce alcohols e.g wine and beer - produce mushrooms to sell and eat

Question 46

What are disadvantages of fungi?

Answer 46

- fungi (rhizopus) cause food spoilage e.g bread mould - fungal diseases e.g athletes foot, ringworm