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Micro block 1 > Fungi > Flashcards

Fungi Flashcards

1
Q

Differences between fungi and higher eykaroytes

A
  1. Ergosterol instead of cholesterol in cell membrane

2. Rigid cell wall

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2
Q

Drug types against ergosterol

A
  1. Polyenes (ex amphotericin B)–bind ergosterol
  2. Azoles (ex keotconazole)–interfere with ergosterol synthesis
  3. Allylamines (terbinafine aka Lamisil)–interfere with ergosterol synthesis
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3
Q

Which fungi are natural components of human flora?

A
  1. Candida albicans

2. Malassezia furfur

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4
Q

Which fungi exist(s) only as yeast?

A

Cryptococcus

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5
Q

Which fungi exist(s) only as hyphae/mold?

A

Aspergillus

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6
Q

What are the 2 main morphological forms of fungi?

A
  1. Yeast

2. Hyphae/Mycelium (mold)

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7
Q

Blastoconidia

A

budded cell, asexual

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8
Q

Chlamydoconidia

A

thick-walled single cells, resistant to adverse conditions

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9
Q

Arthroconidia

A

single-celled conidia, formed by disjoining of hyphal cells

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10
Q

Conidiospores

A

Asexual Spores: Macroconidia and Microconidia

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11
Q

Sporangiospores

A

Asexual Spores, formed at end of hyphae

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12
Q

KOH technique

A

Diagnostic Lab test: Use KOH on microscrope slide with fungi. KOH digests all non-fungal material (eg human skin cells) so fungi can be seen

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13
Q

Antifungal targets and types

A

A. Ergosterol

  • Polyenes (ex amphotericin B)
  • Azoles (ex ketaconazole)
  • Allylamides (ex terbinafine)

B. Cell wall synthesis
-Echinocandins (ex caspofungin)

C. Nucleic acid synthesis
-Antimetabolites (ex flucytosine)

D. Disruption of microtubules
-Griseofulvin

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14
Q

Combination therapy

A

Use drugs from 2 different categories to defeat fungi. Danger of antagonism between different antifungals.

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15
Q

Which deadly fungus so far has no good combination therapy?

A

Aspergillosis

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16
Q

Resistance to antifungals:

-Primary vs Secondary resistance?

A
  • primary: resistant to drug w/o prior exposure to drug

- secondary: resistance after prior exposure

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17
Q

Normal immune response to fungal infection?

A
  1. Innate response
  2. Adaptive response (Th-1 cells)
    No antibody response to fungi
18
Q

List superficial fungi

A
  • Malassezia furfur
  • hortaea (exophiala) weneckii
  • piedraia hortae
  • trichosporon
19
Q

List dermatophytes

A

MET

  • Microsporum
  • Epidermophyton
  • Trichophyton
20
Q

List subcutaneous fungi

A

-Sporothrix

  • Chromoblastomycosis (not in lecture)
  • “spore tricks on thorns” and “chrome robot blasting cauliflowers”
21
Q

List endemic fungi

A
  • Histoplasma
  • Blastoplasma
  • Coccidioides
22
Q

List systemic/opportunisitc fungi

A
  • Candida
  • Aspergillus
  • Cryptococcus
23
Q

Malassezia furfur

A
  • superficial
  • causes Pityriasis versicolor (bright splotches on skin)
  • culture growth requires olive oil
  • tx: topical azoles, selenium sulfide shampoo

-‘spaghetti and meatballs’ made at Malassezia’s Italian restaurant, using his amazing olive oil.

24
Q

Hortaea (Exophiala) werneckii

A
  • superficial
  • causes Tinea Nigra (black skin spots)
  • tx: topical azoles, topical terbinafine (lamisil)
25
Q

Piedraia hortae

A
  • superficial, hair
  • black piedra (‘stones’) in hair
  • tx: topical antifungals, haircut
26
Q

Trichosporon

A
  • superficial, hair
  • white piedra (‘stones’) in hair
  • tx: topical antifungals, haircut
27
Q

Trichophyton

A
  • Dermatophyte
  • T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes
  • Causes various tineas.
  • ‘ringworm’

“MET”

28
Q

Epidermophyton

A
  • Dermatophyte
  • Causes various tineas.
  • ‘ringworm’

“MET”

29
Q

Microsporum

A
  • Dermatophyte
  • M. canis, M. audouinii
  • Causes various tineas.
  • ‘ringworm’

“MET”

30
Q

Sporothrix schenckii

A
  • subcutaneous
  • gardeners get this from thorn pricks

-“spore tricks on thorns”

31
Q

List Tineas:

A
  • t. corporis– body
  • t. cruris–groin
  • t. pedis–foot
  • t. capitis–scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes
  • t. unguium–nails
  • t. barbae–beard
32
Q

endothrix, ectothrix

A
  • part of Tinea capitis: scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes.
  • endo: arthroconidia found inside hair shaft
  • ecto: found outside hair shaft
33
Q

Wood lamp

A
  • diagnostic for tineas.

- some dermatophytes flouresce distinct color when Wood lamp shined on body.

34
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum

  • geography
  • symptoms
  • source
  • diagnostic notes
A

(Histo)

  • mississippi river
  • pulmonary infection, disseminate to: pericarditis, fibrosing mediastinitis, blindness
  • from soil, bird poop
  • resemble TB on x-ray

-Bob Dylan had it, with pericarditis and fibrosing mediastinitis

35
Q

Blastomyces dermatitidis

  • geography
  • symptoms
  • source
  • diagnostic notes
A

(Blasto)

  • mississippi river
  • pulmonary infection, disseminate to: skin lesions
  • from soil, dogs?
  • yeast cell is huge on microscopy
36
Q

Coccidiodies immitis

  • geography
  • symptoms
  • source
  • diagnostic notes
A

(Cocci, “Valley Fever”)

  • SW america
  • pulmonary infection, flu-like syndrome, disseminate to: meningitis
  • desert soil
  • common in AIDS
37
Q

2 Most common opportunistic fungal infections in immunocompromised

A
  1. Candidiasis

2. Aspergillosis

38
Q

Candida

  • Fungal disease type
  • morphology
  • source
  • symptoms
  • diagnostic notes
A
  • Systemic/opportunistic
  • complex morphology, “pseudohyphae”
  • part of normal human flora
  • thrush, vaginitis, diaper rash, AIDS
  • also common with catheter transfered infections (“candida, catheter”)
39
Q

Cryptococcus

  • Fungal disease type
  • morphology
  • source
  • symptoms
  • diagnostic notes
A
  • Systemic/opportunistic
  • Always in yeast form (in a big capsule that conceals cell wall ligands to immune response and is too big to be phagocytized)
  • pigeon droppings
  • pulmonary, dissemates to meningitis
  • common and deadly in AIDS
40
Q

Aspergillus

  • Fungal disease type
  • morphology
  • source
  • symptoms
  • diagnostic notes
A
  • Systemic/opportunistic
  • always in mold form
  • found everywhere–dust
  • Colonization of lungs forms “Balls” that obstruct bronchi. Invasive Aspergillosis: invades blood and all organs, very deadly.
  • Quick diagnosis and aggressive antifungal tx!!
  • “ASpire ASpergillus to get ASthma”
41
Q

Zygomycosis

  • Fungal disease type
  • list pathogens
  • source
  • symptoms
  • diagnostic notes
A
  • Emerging opportunistic fungal pathogens
  • Rhizopus, Mucor, Fusarium
  • found everywhere
  • pulmonary, then deadly invasion into blood and organs (like Aspergillus)
  • “breakthrough” infections because they break through antifungal tx

Micro block 1 (3 decks)

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