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Micro block 1 > Parasites--Worms > Flashcards

Parasites--Worms Flashcards

1
Q

Main divisions of worm parasites

A
  1. Cestodes and Trematodes (Flatworms and Flukes)

2. Nematodes (roundworms)

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2
Q

List: Cestodes

A

Tapeworms.

  1. Teniae solium (pork tapeworm)
  2. Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tapeworm)
  3. Echinococcus granulosus (Hydatid disease, dog tapeworm)
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3
Q

List: Trematodes

A

Flukes
1. schistosoma (blood fluke)

not in lecture:

  1. Clonorchis sinensis (Chinese liver fluke)
  2. Paragonimus westermani (lung fluke)
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4
Q

List: Intestinal Nematodes

A
  1. Enterobius (pinworm)
  2. Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm)
  3. Strongyloides stercoralis
  4. Necator americanus/Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm)
  5. Trichuris trichiuria (whipworm, trichoniasis)
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5
Q

List: Tissue Nematodes

A
  1. Trichonella spiralis (pork roundworm, trichinosis)
  2. Toxocara canis (Dog roundworm)

not in lecture:

  1. Dracunculus medinensis (guinea worm)
  2. Onchocerca volvulus (river blindness)
  3. Wuchereria bancrofti (elephantiasis)
  4. Loa Loa (eyeworm)
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6
Q

Trichuriasis, Trichomoniasis, Trichinosis–difference?

A

Trichuriasis–whipworm, nematode
Trichomoniasis–STD nematode
Trichinosis–pork roundworm

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7
Q

definitive vs intermediate host

A

Definite: sexual cycle occurs here
Intermediate: asexual cycle

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8
Q

incidental host

A

Host that is not original part of the natural parasite life cycle (ex: humans and toxoplasma)

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9
Q

vector

A

animal that transmits parasite to human

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10
Q

reservoir

A

animal host that maintains the natural cycle in the wild, typically not harmed by the parasite it carries. (eg toxoplasma and mice)

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11
Q

Cestodes:

  • body morphology
  • digestive system?
  • transmission forms
A

Tapeworms.

  • flattened bodies with segments called proglottids, which allow hermaphroditic repro. Anterior end has a scolex that attaches to gut wall of host.
  • no internal GI system, so absorption
  • ingestion of eggs or cysticerci larvae
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12
Q

Trematodes:

  • body morphology
  • digestive system?
  • hosts
  • transmission forms
A

Flukes.

  • flat bodies
  • yes, internal GI
  • snail is intermediate host
  • Ingestion, or Skin penetration.
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13
Q

Taenia saginata

A

Beef tapeworm

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14
Q

Taenia solium

  • transmission
  • disease/symptoms
  • diagnosis
  • immunity
  • prevention
A

Pork tapeworm

  • transmission: eat undercooked pork.
    1. ingest eggs (taeniasis)
    2. ingest cysticerci larvae. (cysticercosis)
  • symptoms:
    1. taeniasis: abdominal discomfort
    2. cysticercosis: danger of neurocysticercosis–severe encephalitis
  • diagnosis:
    1. proglottids/eggs in stool
    2. cysticercosis by Xray/CT/MRI of calcified dead larva
  • immunity: reinfection is possible
  • prevention: fully cook pork or freeze it
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15
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum

  • transmission
  • disease/symptoms
  • diagnosis
A

fish tapeworm

  • ingestion of larvae in undercooked fish
  • lack of vitamin B12 absorbed in gut (pernicious anemia)
  • eggs/proglottids in stool
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16
Q

Echinococcus

  • transmission
  • disease/symptoms
  • diagnosis
A

Dog tapeworm/Hydatid disease

  • ingest eggs from dog feces (dogs eat cysts from infected hooved animals.) Humans are accidental host.
  • Hydatid disease: Cysts form in liver/lungs, may rupture with fatal anaphylaxis reaction.
  • imagining of cysts
17
Q

Schistosoma

  • transmission
  • disease/symptoms
  • diagnosis
  • immunity
A

-skin penetration, go to intestinal/bladder veins

  • symptoms:
    1. Early–few or no symptoms
    2. Middle–Katayma syndome: cytokine storm response to eggs several weeks after infection. bloody stool/urine
    3. Chronic (5-40 yrs): Eggs lodged in intestine and liver (portal HTN) in japonicum and mansoni. Eggs lodged in bladder causes fibrosis and cancer in haematobium
  • eggs in feces/urine
  • no vaccine
18
Q

Schistosoma types (3):

  • where do adults live
  • how to eggs leave body
  • egg morphology
A
  1. mansoni:
    - inferior mesenteric veins, stool, lateral spike
  2. japonicum:
    - SMV, stool, no spike
  3. haematobium:
    - Bladder veins, urine, terminal spike
19
Q

Egyptians: What to remember about parasites?

A
  • Middle aged Egyptians have high rates of Schistosomiasis (because of snails from Aswan dam construction) and Hep C (infected needles).
  • Chronic inflammation from Schistosomiasis worsens Hep C.
20
Q

List all nematodes (from lecture) and categories they fit in

A
  1. Intestinal nematodes
    - Enterobius (pinworm)
    - Ascaris (giant roundworm)
    - Strongyloides
    - Necator americanus/ancylostoma (hookworm)
    - Trichuris trichiuria (whipworm)
  2. Tissue nematodes
    - Trichonella spiralis (pork roundworm)
    - Toxocara canis
21
Q

Enterobius vermicularis

  • transmission
  • disease/symptoms
  • diagnosis
A

Pinworm

  • ingest eggs, possible direct person-person! Adults in colon lay eggs in perianal area.
  • perianal pruritis
  • visual observation of eggs, scotch tape test
22
Q

Trichuris trichiuria

  • transmission
  • disease/symptoms
  • diagnosis
A

Whipworm

  • ingest eggs, adults migrate to colon.
  • mild to severe. Bloody stool, anemia
  • eggs in stool
23
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides

  • transmission
  • disease/symptoms
  • diagnosis
A

Giant roundworm

  • ingest eggs from soil. Larvae travel from intestine to lung, coughed up back to GI tract.
  • mild to severe. malnutrition, intestinal obstruction, lung inflammation
  • eggs in stool
24
Q 
Necator americanus
Ancylostoma duodenale
-transmission
-disease/symptoms
-diagnosis
A

Hookworms

  • skin penetration, travel to lung, coughed into GI tract. Eggs in feces
  • anemia b/c hookworms suck blood in GI tract, bronchitis
  • anemia, eggs in stool
25
Q

Which intestinal nematodes have no eggs in stool?

A
  • Strongyloides- eggs hatch in intestine

- Trichinella spiralis– they don’t make eggs

26
Q

Strongyloides

  • transmission
  • disease/symptoms
  • diagnosis
A
  • Skin penetration, travel to lung, coughed into GI tract, larva autoinfect or released in feces (autoinfection, direct, indirect pathways)
  • GI malabsorption, dystentery, hyperinfection by autoinfection (in immunosupprssed pts) can be fatal
  • larvae in stool/sputum (no eggs!)
27
Q

Vitamin B12 deficiency? What parasite

A

Fish tapeworm (diphyllobothrium latum)

28
Q

Which intestinal nematodes stay only in intestine, which travel to lungs?

A

Lungs:

  • Strongyloides
  • Ascaris (giant roundworm)
  • Necator/Ancylostoma (hookworms)

Only intestine:

  • Enterobius
  • Trichuris trichiuria
29
Q

Which parasite can autoinfect in humans, causing a hyperinfection?

A

Strongyloides. Autoinfection can occur when pt is immunosuppressed (eg using steroids). Parasite does not need another animal host anymore. Hyperinfection can be fatal.

30
Q

Trichinella spiralis

  • transmission
  • disease/symptoms
  • diagnosis
A

Pork roundworm

  • undercooked pork with encysted larvae. Larvae mature in GI tract and release larvae that encyst in muscle
  • muscle pain, inflammation
  • eosinophilia, serological tests
31
Q

Toxocara canis

  • transmission
  • disease/symptoms
  • diagnosis
A

Dog roundworm

  • Ingest eggs from dog feces. Larvae can infect any tissue!
  • mild to severe: blindness, necrosis in any organ
  • no eggs in stool b/c infection does not progress to adults. ELISA for larval antigens.

Micro block 1 (3 decks)

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