Fungi Flashcards
(11 cards)
The two superficial fungal infections are ____ which causes multicolored skin pigment change (aka hypo or hyperpigmented patches of skin that are white while surrounding skin is dark) and ___ which causes painless black colored skin pigment change on the soles of the hands and feet
^** Neither cause any symptoms, just skin pigment change
P. Versicolor is caused by ____ and T. Nigra is caused by ____
Both can be stained via KOH (Potassium Hydroxide)
Pityriasis versicolor, Tinea nigra
Malassezia furfur, Exophiala werneckii
____ fungal infections affect the skin, hair, and nails and occur in the ___ layer of the skin
^** They secrete the enzyme ____ to digest keratin since that is the primary structural protein in skin, nails, and hair
The dermatophytes include Microsproum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton
Tinea ___ affects the body and is called ring worm since there are red raised circles with a healing center in the middle
Tinea ___ is jock itch (red pathces on groin and scrotum)
Tinea ___ causes cracking and peeling of the skin between the toes aka athletes foot
Tinea ____ affects the scalp (scaly red lesions with hair loss)
Tinea ____ (aka onychomycosis) affects the nails
^** Certain species of ____ will fluoresce under UV light called Woods light
___ is another cutaneous fungal infection that causes oral thrush, diaper rash, or candida vaginitis
Dermatophytosis, cutaneous
Keratinase
Corporis
Cruris
Pedis
Capitis
Unguium
Microsproum
Candida albicans
If one were to be pricked by a thorn, it could cause infection from ____ and this is found in the ___ layer and presents with a subcutaneous nodule, that becomes necrotic and ulcerates and once it heals more ulcers along the lymph channel will pop up
Sporothrix schenckii (sporotrichosis), subcutaneous
Soil saprophytes (____ and ____) found on rotting wood can cause ____ after a puncture wound
This is found in the ___ layer of the skin and characterized by ___-colored ___ bodies with ___ colored wart like lesions resembling ____ popping up
Phialophora and Cladosporium, Chromoblastomycosis (Think of a chrome plated fungus blasting cauliflower warts on the skin)
Subcutaneous, Copper-colored sclerotic, violet, cauliflower
Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, and Coccidioides immitis all cause ____ fungal infections and these are ____ fungi which means they can be either unicellular (yeast) or multicellular (Molds aka Mycelia)
^** In the soil they grow at 25C as ____ and release spores which when taken up by humans at 37C they now grow as ___
Histoplasma occurs near the ___, Blastomyces near the ____, and Coccidioides near the ____
These can be confused with M. Tuberculosis because they are inhaled and primarily affect the ____, have an asymptomatic, mild, sever, or chronic lung infection form, can cause lung granulomas, calcifcations, and cavities, and also they can disseminate in the blood
** So realize the most common manifestation if there is one is Pneumonia
^** However unlike M. Tuberculosis, there is no person-to-person transmission and there is NO ___ staining seen… Instead, one can biopsy the infected tissue and use ___ staining for yeast or grow on Sabouraus agar to determine it is a yeast infection and not bacteria infection
In Histoplasma and Coccidioides, most patients are asymptomatic but Blastomyces (which is the RAREST systemic fungal infection) normally has the ____ form of the fungus associated with weight loss, night sweats, lung involvement, and skin ulcers
^** AKA the bLAST to get and no BLAST to have (since it is the worst)
^** Along with the lungs and skin, all 3 can have bones and meninges affected
Also which one is assocaited with bird droppings?
Which one is the only one to be associated with skin ulcers?
Systemic, Dimorphic
Mycelia, yeast
Mississippi river, Mississippi river, SW USA (Arizona, Mexico, etc)
Lung
Acid fast, silver
Disseminated
Histoplasma capasulatum
Blastromyces dermatitidis
Using a lumbar puncture to analyze CSF, the india Ink stain which will reveal encapsulated ___ (aka NOT dimorphic) seen in patients with a ___ infection and this is MOST often seen in immunosuppressed patients like those with AIDS
It is inhaled into the lungs and infection is normally asymptomatic, but when it does manifest it causes ____ characterized by headache, fever, vomiting, mental status changes, etc. and skin lesions that look like ___ can also occur
** Cryptococcus neoformans is the more common one found in pigeon droppings but there is also cryptococcus gattii
Yeast, Cryptococcus
Meningeoencephalitis, acne
In normal hosts, candida albicans affects the ____ tissue and can cause ___ (patches of creamy white exudate with a reddish base covering the mucous membranes of the mouth), ____ (vaginal itching and discharge with cottage cheese-appearing white clumps fixed to the vaginal wall) or ___ (warm moist areas under diapers and in adults between skin folds)
However, in immunocompromised patients it can effect BOTH the cutaneous skin AND have invasive ___ effects
Here, it can cause extension of oral thrush into the ____ (does not occur in normal hosts) causing esophagitis (chest pain, dysphgia, and fever), dissemination into the ___ (which is NOT normal), and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
Cutaneous, Oral thrush, vaginitis, Diaper rash
Systemic
Esophagus, blood
Aspergillus can form 3 major problems
1) ____ which is an Ig___ mediated response causing a asthma-type reaction to the spores with bronchospasms, shortness of breath, and high fevers
2) People with lung cavitiations (preformed lung cavities) like those with tuberculosis or malignancies can get ___ aka a fungus ball in the cavity characterized by the coughing up of blood called ___
3) In immunocompromised patients, invasive aspergillosis can cause asymptomatic pneumonia with multiple nodular infiltrates on the chest CT scan (aka necrotizing pneumonia)
Also this fungus can produce the toxin ___, a type of mycotoxin that is acquired by eating it, which can cause ___ damage/cancer
1) ABPA (Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis), IgE
2) Aspergilloma, hemoptysis
Aflatoxin, Liver
Rhizopus, Rhizomucor, and Mucor are ____/____(Yeast or mold?) pathogens that can cause ___
It is associated with patients who are ____ aka have profound acidosis and affects rhinocerebral and pulmonary systems
^** Rhinocerebral mucormycosis infects the oral cavity, nasal passages, sinuses, and brain
Saprophytic mold, Mucormycosis
Diabetics
Some bacteria (procaryotes) grow in the form of mycelia and are water and soil saprophytes and therefore called fungal-like bacteria
These include
1) Actinomyces Israelii which are Gram ____, beaded, filamentous ___robic organisms that causes eroding ___ following trauma to the mucous membranes of the mouth, GI tract, or lungs
^** When examined the pus draining from the abscesses reveals ___ granules called ____ granules
2) Nocardia asteroides are gram ___, beaded, filamentous ____robic organisms but unlike A. Israelii that has sulfur granules as a characteristic, Nocardia has ___ staining
^** Often can be confused with Tuberculosis since it stains similar and can cause pneumonia, formation of abscesses in the lung, kidney, and CNS, etc…. But this occurs in _____ patients
1) +, Anerobic, abscesses
Yellow, sulfur
2) +, aerobic, Acid fast
Immunocompromised
Name the morphology
1) Malassezia furfur
2) Exophiala werneckii
3) Dermatophytosis (Microsporium, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton)
4) Chromoblastomycosis (Phialophora verrucosa, Cladosprorium carrionii, Fonsecaea species)
5) Coccidioides immitis
6) Histoplasma capsulatum
7) Blastomyces dermatitidis
8) Cryptococcus neoformans/gattii
9) Candida albicans
10) Aspergillus
11) Mucormycosis (Rhizopus, Rhizomucor, and Mucor)
12) Actinomyces israelii
13) Nocardia asteroides
1) Unbranched hyphae and spherical yeast (Spaghetti and meatball looking)
2) Septated branching hyphae with budding yeast
3) Branched hyphae
4) Soil saprophytes
5) Dimorphic
6) Dimorphic
7) Dimorphic
8) Encapsulated Yeast
9) Pseudohyphae and yeast
10) Branching septated hyphae
11) Non-septated branching hyphae/ saprophytic molds
12) Branching chains or beaded filament bacteria
13) Branching chains or beaded filament bacteria
