Fungi

Question 1

Are fungi eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

Answer 1

Eukaryotes - they have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Question 2

Where are fungi found?

Answer 2

In terrestrial environments

Question 3

Fungi are saprotrophic, what does that mean?

Answer 3

They are primary decomposers of dead and organic matter

Question 4

How do fungi reproduce?

Answer 4

Sexually and asexually

Question 5

How can fungi be classified?

Answer 5

By morphology = the structures produced during sexual reproduction
By evolutionary relationships

Question 6

What fungi is likely to be the first fungi to have evolved?

Answer 6

Chytridiomycota

Question 7

What are the features of chytridiomycota?

Answer 7

Lively mostly in water and soil
Mostly saprotrophs
Asexual and sexual zoospores have flagella - enabling motility
Major threat to amphibian species

Question 8

What are the features of zygomycota?

Answer 8

Saprotrophs

Hyphae lack cross walls and are multinucleate

Question 9

What does asexual production of zygomycota produce?

Answer 9

Sporangiospores

Question 10

What does the sexual production of zygomycota produce?

Answer 10

Zygospores

Question 11

What are the features of ascomycota?

Answer 11

Plant pathogens
Saprotrophs
Symbiotic partner in lichens
Morphologically diverse

Question 12

Name three examples of ascomycota.

Answer 12

Yeasts
Mould
Truffles

Question 13

What does the asexual reproduction of ascomycota produce?

Answer 13

Conidia

Question 14

What does the sexual production of ascomycota produce?

Answer 14

Ascospores

Question 15

What are the features of basidiomycota?

Answer 15

Mainly saprotrophs
Some plant pathogens
Septate hyphae

Question 16

Name three examples of basidiomycota?

Answer 16

Mushrooms
Puffballs
Birds next fungi

Question 17

What does the rare asexual production of basidiomycota produce?

Answer 17

Arthrospores

Question 18

What does the sexual reproduction of basidiomycota produce?

Answer 18

Basidiospores

Question 19

When are spore forming structures produced?

Answer 19

In both sexual and asexual reproduction

Question 20

What are hyphae?

Answer 20

Thin thread-like filaments found in fungi

Question 21

What are mycelium?

Answer 21

Filamentous mass grown from hyphae

Question 22

What are septa?

Answer 22

Hyphae containing cross walls which produces uninucleate cell like units

Question 23

What are conenocytic hyphae?

Answer 23

Hyphae that does not contain cross walls which makes it appear multinucleate

Question 24

What do the cell walls of fungi contain?

Answer 24

Chitin

Question 25

What other organelles are found in fungi?

Answer 25

``` Vacuoles ER Ribosomes Mitochondria Golgi apparatus Nucleus ```

Question 26

Fungi are heterotrophs, what does this mean?

Answer 26

They do not make their own food | They obtain nutrients from pre-formed sources of organic carbon

Question 27

In what form do fungi store food?

Answer 27

Glycogen

Question 28

Where and why are enzymes secreted before intake of nutrients?

Answer 28

From hyphae tips to break down food so that they can intake the nutrients

Question 29

What happens when there is mechanical damage to cell walls in fungi?

Answer 29

Septal 'plugs' block septal spores

Question 30

How fast does the cytoplasm stream?

Answer 30

12cm per hour

Question 31

In what direction does cytoplasmic streaming occur?

Answer 31

Unrestricted bi-directional flow

Question 32

Name three forms of asexual production.

Answer 32

Hyphal fragmentation Production of spores Uneven cell division

Question 33

What happens during hyphal fragmentation?

Answer 33

Asexual spores formed by the septation and fragmentation of hyphae

Question 34

What happens during the production of spores?

Answer 34

Asexual spores formed by mitosis at the tips of specialised hyphae

Question 35

What happens during uneven cell division?

Answer 35

1. Budding = parent cell forms a bud on the outer surface 2. As the bud grows the parent cell's nucleus divides and one nucleus migrates into the bud 3. Cell wall material is laid down between the bud and the parent cell 4. The bud breaks away leaving a scar

Question 36

What pH do fungi grow best in?

Answer 36

pH 5

Question 37

Why can fungi grow in relatively high salt or sugar concentrations?

Answer 37

Because they are more resistant to osmotic pressure

Question 38

Can fungi grow on substances with low moisture content?

Answer 38

Yes

Question 39

Do fungi require a continuous water phase for growth?

Answer 39

No

Question 40

Do fungi need nitrogen for growth?

Answer 40

Little

Question 41

Are fungi capable of metabolising complex carbohydrates?

Answer 41

Yes - lignin

Question 42

Name three threats to fungal plants.

Answer 42

Rice blast disease Wheat stem rust Late potato blight

Question 43

What is symbiosis?

Answer 43

Interactions between two different organisms living in close physical association that typically advantage both

Question 44

What is mycorrhizae?

Answer 44

Mutualistic relationship between fungus and a plant root

Question 45

What does the plant gain from fungi in mycorrihizae?

Answer 45

Fungus functions like a root by growing in the soil and absorbing nutrients

Question 46

What does the fungi gain from plants in mycorrihizae?

Answer 46

Plant provides energy

Question 47

What is lichen?

Answer 47

Associated between fungi and a photosynthetic organism or green alga

Question 48

What does the photosynthetic organisms gain from the fungi in lichen?

Answer 48

Fungi provides structure

Question 49

What does the fungi gain from the photosynthetic organism in lichen?

Answer 49

Photosynthetic organism provides food

Question 50

What are the two main forms of association?

Answer 50

Ectomycorrhiza | Arbuscular mycorrhiza

Question 51

What is ectomycorrhiza?

Answer 51

Symbiotic relationship between fungi and roots of various plants - Fungi forms between roots

Question 52

What is arbuscular mycorrhiza?

Answer 52

Symbiotic relationship between fungi and roots of various plants - Fungi penetrates the root

Question 53

Name three ways in which fungi act as pathogens.

Answer 53

Superficial infections Subcutaneous fungal infections Systemic mycoses

Question 54

What are superficial infections?

Answer 54

Infections of the outer layer of the skin hair and nails - Athletes foot - Ringworm

Question 55

What are subcutaneous fungal infections?

Answer 55

Infections that usually occur in deep layers of the skin or in underlying bone

Question 56

What are the treatments for subcutaneous fungal infections?

Answer 56

Local surgery | Antibiotic treatment

Question 57

What are systemic mycoses?

Answer 57

Infections that occur via the inhalation of fungal spores by individuals with weak immune systems

Question 58

What are opportunistic infections?

Answer 58

An infection caused by pathogens that takes advantage of an opportunity not normally available (weak immune system)