Infection and Immunity

Question 1

What is immunity?

Answer 1

Resistance to disease

Question 2

What is the importance of immunity?

Answer 2

Developing control strategies

Question 3

What is immunopathology?

Answer 3

The causes of diseases

Question 4

What are all immune cells derived from?

Answer 4

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells

Question 5

What do pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells divide into?

Answer 5

Common lymphoid progenitor and common myeloid progenitor

Question 6

What do common lymphoid progenitor cells divide into?

Answer 6

B cells
T cells
Killer cells

Question 7

Where do all common lymphoid progenitor cells reside?

Answer 7

In the lymph nodes

Question 8

Where do B cells mature?

Answer 8

In bone marrow

Question 9

Where do T cells mature?

Answer 9

In the thyroid

Question 10

What do common myeloid progenitor cells divide into?

Answer 10

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

Question 11

Is innate immunity antigen dependent?

Answer 11

No

Question 12

Does innate immunity have a time lag?

Answer 12

No

Question 13

Is innate immunity specific?

Answer 13

Relatively non-specific

Question 14

Does innate immunity have immunological memory?

Answer 14

No

Question 15

What are the three main innate immunity barriers?

Answer 15

Skin
Gut villi
Lung cilia

Question 16

What are innate immunity soluble factors?

Answer 16

Protein and non-protein secretions

Question 17

What cells are part of innate immunity?

Answer 17

Phagocytes
Mast cells
Basophils
Natural killer cells

Question 18

Is adaptive immunity antigen dependent?

Answer 18

Yes

Question 19

Does adaptive immunity have a time lag?

Answer 19

Yes

Question 20

Is adaptive immunity antigen specific?

Answer 20

Yes

Question 21

How does adaptive immunity develop?

Answer 21

From memory of previous infection

Question 22

Are there any adaptive immunity barriers?

Answer 22

No

Question 23

What are adaptive immunity soluble factors?

Answer 23

Immunoglobulins = antibodies

Question 24

What are adaptive immunity cells?

Answer 24

B and T lymphocytes

Question 25

What is an antigen?

Answer 25

Foreign marcomolecules that induce specific immunity

Question 26

Name four types of molecules that act as antigens.

Answer 26

Peptides Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids

Question 27

When do phagocytes develop into macrophages?

Answer 27

When they enter tissue

Question 28

When do phagocytes develop into neutrophils?

Answer 28

When they are in the blood

Question 29

What do the receptors on phagocytes recognise?

Answer 29

Specific components of microorganisms - Lipopolysaccharides - Mannose and other sugar residues - Teichoic acids - N-formyl peptides - Bacteria heat shock proteins

Question 30

What microorganisms have lipopolysaccharides on their outer membrane?

Answer 30

Gram negative bacteria

Question 31

What microorganisms have teichoic acids on their outer membrane?

Answer 31

Gram positive bacteria

Question 32

What are phagocytes directed to the site of infection by?

Answer 32

Chemical messengers released by macrophages present in the infected tissue

Question 33

What type of bacteria do phagocytes kill?

Answer 33

Oxygen independent microorganisms

Question 34

How do phagocytes kill oxygen independent microorganisms?

Answer 34

1. Phagosome containing the bacteria fuses with a lysosome containing hydrolytic enzymes 2. The phagocytes oxygen uptake is increased and causes respiratory burst

Question 35

What do enzymes in macrophages produce?

Answer 35

Reactive oxygen species

Question 36

What does activation of the phagocyte lead to?

Answer 36

Induction of nitric oxide synthase which produces high levels of nitric oxide

Question 37

Where are mast cells found?

Answer 37

In tissues

Question 38

Where are basophils found?

Answer 38

In the blood

Question 39

What do mast cells and basophils contain that stimulates inflammation?

Answer 39

Cytoplasmic granules

Question 40

What is degranulation induced by?

Answer 40

Traume Toxins Proteases and cationic proteins released from other immune cells Antibodies

Question 41

What does degranulation release?

Answer 41

Histamines Anticoagulants Leukotrienes Cytokines

Question 42

What do natural killer cells contain?

Answer 42

Toxin chemicals contained in granules

Question 43

What do natural killer cells do?

Answer 43

Kill infected and malignant cells | Contact infected cells

Question 44

What do natural killer cells release?

Answer 44

Granules which punch holes in infected cell membranes | High levels of cytokines

Question 45

What B cells produce?

Answer 45

Antibodies and immunoglobulins

Question 46

What is humoral immunity?

Answer 46

Antibodies released by B cells bind to microorganisms or toxins and neutralise them directly or tag them for other parts of the immune system to destroy

Question 47

What are the two main types of T cells?

Answer 47

T helper cells | Cytotoxic T cells

Question 48

What are the two main forms of T helper cells?

Answer 48

T helper 1 | T helper 2

Question 49

What do cytotoxic T cells express?

Answer 49

CD8

Question 50

How do cytotoxic T cells interact with target cells?

Answer 50

1. Recognise antigen on target cell 2. Lethal hit is delivered by T cells using agents 3. T cell detaches from the target cell 4. The target cell dies by apoptosis

Question 51

What agents are used by cytotoxic T cells to give target cells a lethal hit?

Answer 51

Perforin | Granzyme B

Question 52

T cells are the _________ of the immune response

Answer 52

Coordinators

Question 53

What do T cells secrete?

Answer 53

Cytokines

Question 54

What are cytokines?

Answer 54

Signalling molecules which aid cell to cell communication and stimulate inflammation

Question 55

What type of immune cell recognises antigens?

Answer 55

T cells

Question 56

What do histamines do?

Answer 56

Increase permeability of capillaries to white blood cells

Question 57

What do anticoagulants do?

Answer 57

Reduce the risk of blood clots

Question 58

What are leukotrienes?

Answer 58

Inflammatory chemicals - Tighten airway muscles - Produce excess mucus