fungi

Question 1

Because they are eukaryotic cells, many
aspects of the cellular physiology of
fungal cells and human cells are identical
or at least very similar. This fact limits ______________

Answer 1

the targets for antifungal drugs.

Question 2

Amphotericin B

targets

Answer 2

Membrane Sterols

Question 3

Fluconazole

targets

Answer 3

Ergosterol biosynthesis

Question 4

5-fluorocytosine (metabolized by fungi to 5-FU)

targets

Answer 4

DNA, RNA synthesis

Question 5

Caspofungin

targets

Answer 5

b-glucan synthesis

Question 6

the yeast Candida albicans

is a human ______________

Answer 6

commensal.

Question 7

Usually nonspecific inflammatory reactions
eliminate fungi. ___________by
neutrophils is an important mechanism.

Fungal infections are usually mild
and self-limiting.

Answer 7

Phagocytosis

Question 8

____________ can occlude bronchi in the

lung or tubules or ureters in the kidney.

Answer 8

Fungus balls

Question 9

Aspergillus may occlude __________

Answer 9

arteries or veins.

Question 10

___________ is a dimorphic
fungus that is endemic in the
Southwestern US. The organism enters
the host by inhalation.

Answer 10

Coccidioides immitis

Question 11

Coccidiodomycosis

infection leads to what type of infection

Answer 11

asymptomatic but there might be mild-upper respiratory infection. it can lead to cough, sputum and other symptoms but they usually resolves spontaneously. In few cases it becomes a disseminated disease

Question 12

Risk of Disseminated Coccidioidomycosis is higher in

Answer 12

pregnant women, certain ethnic groups and pt. with impaired immune function

Question 13

Coccidioidomycosis treatment:

1. primary infection, healthy host
2. severe or disseminated infection compromised host

Answer 13

1. primary infection, healthy host- oral itraconazole (most do not need treatment)
2. severe or disseminated infection compromised host- amphotericin B and oral itraconazole

Question 14

In endemic areas, pneumonia + ____suggests disseminated

Coccidioides

Answer 14

rash; skin one of the most common sites.

Question 15

candida albican found in the

Answer 15

gut and on the skin; most infections believed to be of endogenous origin

Question 16

candida albicans is an important _______ pathogen

Answer 16

nosocomial

Question 17

Superficial, raised white plaques on mucosal surface of esophagus viewed through endoscope

Answer 17

candidiasis that has spread into the oropharyngeal and esophageal areas

Question 18

invasive candidiasis

Answer 18

mortality is 40%!!! it occurs in a neutropenic host and there is dissemination to skin, eye and bone.

*** endogenous flora (gut/skin_ frequent source

Question 19

patients at high risk for candida infection

Answer 19

1. malignancies/ transplant
2. burns/operations/trauma/long-term IV
3. broad spectrum antibiotics

Question 20

treatment of invasive candidiasis

Answer 20

antifungal agents such as azole, amphotericin B and echinocandin

Question 21

prophylatic use of fluconazole is causing what?

Answer 21

increased resistance such as in candida glabrata

Question 22

aspergillus fumigatous

Answer 22

because of its spore from (condida) it can survive well in the environment and is resistant to stresses such as dessication

Question 23

Aspergillus fumigatous: Alveolar macrophages can ingest ______
If macrophages fail to clear, ______ can germinate.
Neutrophils involved in defense against _______

Answer 23

Alveolar macrophages can ingest conidia.
If macrophages fail to clear, conidia can germinate.
Neutrophils involved in defense against hyphae

Question 24

Invasive aspergillosis after ____________
is increasing in frequency.

This is a much feared infection with high mortality.

Treatment with the new azole, voriconazole,
may improve survival.

Answer 24

liver transplanation

Question 25

invasive aspergilosis seen in

Answer 25

immunocompromised patients

Question 26

candida auris likes what type of skin

infectious pathogen!!!!! that is highly resistant to anti-fungals

Answer 26

wet skin