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Flashcards in HIV pathogenesis Deck (30)
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1
Q

HIV originated from an animal

A

yep…primates

2
Q

HIV-1 and HIV-2 differ by ~40% nucleic acid composition of _____

A

env

3
Q

The ____ region is two to three times less divergent than env

A

pol

4
Q

HIV-1 gag is even less divergent as it codes for

A

relatively inflexible core proteins

5
Q

Retroviruses have 3 major genes:

  1. Gag: encodes __________
  2. Pol: encodes _____________
  3. Env: encodes _________
A
  1. Gag: encodes core proteins
  2. Pol: encodes reverse transcriptase, protease, integrase
  3. Env: encodes envelope proteins
6
Q

HIV 2 major envelope proteins

A

gp41 and gp120

7
Q

Envelope covers a core of nucleocapsid proteins including ____

A

p24

8
Q

HIV structure is an

A

Icosahedral structure with lipid envelope

9
Q

Gp120 binds to _____ cell receptor with high affinity

A

CD4

10
Q

Cellular targets with CD4 receptors (6)

A
  1. T-cells
  2. dendritic cells
  3. macrophages
  4. glial cells in CNS
  5. Gut epithelium
  6. Bone Marrow progeito cells
11
Q

HIV co-receptors (2) later one is associated with a more rapid decline in CD4+ cells

A

CCR5 and CXCR4

12
Q

HIV-1 characterized by _____ replication. Rapid replication rates serve as a mechanism for virus ______

A

error-prone replication and Rapid replication rates serve as a mechanism for virus evolution

13
Q

characterized by progressive immune system deterioration that predisposes persons to opportunistic infections and neoplasms

A

Chronic infection with HIV

14
Q

Syndrome caused by infection with HIV characterized by advanced immunodeficiency and/or opportunistic diseases indicative of at least moderate deficiencies in cell mediated immunity; CD4 cell count < 200 cells/mm3

A

AIDS

15
Q

incubation period for HIV

A

signs and symptoms occur within 5-30 days

16
Q

acute retroviral syndrome is characterized by

A

mononucleosis-like illness with fever, pharyngitis, rash, lymphadenopathy and aseptic meningitis

17
Q

HIV disease progression clinical latency

A

clinical latency is where someone is HIV positive but they are asymptomatic— viral load is low

18
Q

in the acute infection of HIV disease the viral replication in the regional lymph nodes leads to exponential viral growth and widespread

A

dissemination

19
Q

destruction of gut associated lymphoid tissue

A

early destruction of T cells in lamina propria which releases LPS into circulation

20
Q

_______ recognize viral antigen in setting of MHC Class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells

A

CD4+ T-cells

21
Q

_______ recognize antigen in setting of MHC Class I molecules

A

CD8+ T-cells

22
Q

__________ kill virally-infected cells with “_________ help”

A

CD8+ T-cells with CD4 help

23
Q

why is there a conondrum during primary infection, were there are high levels of viremia?

A

viremia stimulates widespreaad activation of CD4 cells- the very target of HIV

24
Q

T-cell activation is followed by a precipitous decline of _____ cells due to massive targeted infection by HIV. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte recognition leads to some decline in viremia; but responses are not sustained without appropriate

A

CD4 and CD4 help

25
Q

The hallmark of the immunodeficiency of AIDS is a depletion of

A

activated CD4+ T-helper lymphocytes

26
Q

what is someone is CCR5 heterozygote or homozygote?

A

Slower rates of progression and Relative resistance to infection

27
Q

Humoral response in HIV is protective

A

NOPE

During acute infection, HIV antibody responses are absent
Humoral immunity emerges, but is not protective
Control of viremia corresponds with onset of HIV-specific CTL responses

28
Q

in HIV, older persons progress rapidly

A

yep

29
Q

The HIV virus can be detected with __________, even in patients effectively treated with ART.

A

ultrasensitive assays

30
Q

HIV viral reservoir

A

reservoir is established during acute HIV infection and it consists of long lived infected cells or cells that harbor non-replicating virus