FUNGI (lesson seven)

Question 1

what is the most common organism on the earth but the least visible?

Answer 1

Fungi

Question 2

where do you often find fungi?

Answer 2

They are often out of sight like underground or within other organisms

Question 3

what are examples of fungi?

Answer 3

mushrooms, toadstools, and mold spores

Question 4

what did fungi used to be classified as?

Answer 4

These used to be classified as plants

Question 5

True or False
Fungi has a lot in common with the other kingdoms in Eukarya

Answer 5

false, have very little in common with the other kingdoms within Eukarya

Question 6

Why are Fungi Important?

Answer 6

Fungi are essential in our ecosystems

Question 7

why are fungi essential in our ecosystem?

Answer 7

They decompose matter and thus, are responsible for cycling the nutrients that are essential for the healthy growth of other organisms

Question 8

what is Mycelium?

Answer 8

a branched network of fungal filaments/threads

Question 9

what does Mycelium do?

Answer 9

Mycelium breaks down and absorbs the necessary raw materials needed for plant growth and development

Question 10

what is symbiotic?

Answer 10

a biological relationship/interaction between two different organisms?

Question 11

how are fungi useful?

Answer 11

• Fungi are used in the food industry
• fungi is in yeast, which is responsible for the rising of bread
• Fungi is also used in Medicine
• fungi are used in traditional Chinese medicine
• -Many used to develop antivirals, antibiotics and in cancer therapy

Question 12

what is hyphae?

Answer 12

branching structure of fungi

Question 13

Symbiotic Fungi: Mycorrhizae

Answer 13

• Symbiotic relationship of hyphae of certain fungi and roots of some plants
  -The fungi portion has the ability to gain sugars and nutrients that the plants make during photosynthesis
  -The plant portion has the ability to absorb certain nutrients from the soil like phosphorus
  -Some plants cannot germinate (beginning to grow from seed) without these mycorrhizae

Question 14

Symbiotic Fungi: Lichens

Answer 14

• Combination of green algae or cyanobacteria and a fungus growing symbiotically
  - Photosynthetic cyanobacteria and a sac fungus
  -Mycelium of fungus wraps around photosynthetic cells
  - The fungus provides the algae with CO2, H2O, and support
  - The algae provides the fungi with carbohydrates
  - This is a mutually beneficial interaction (i.e. mutualism)

Question 15

all fungi is not harmful for us

Answer 15

false Not all fungi are helpful to other organisms, Some fungi are responsible for diseases that can affect both plants and animals

Question 16

examples of harmful fungi

Answer 16

ringworm, rot wood, corn smut, and pneumonia

Question 17

what kingdom did fungi used to be classified with and why?

Answer 17

Fungi used to be classified with the plant kingdom because they share many characteristics

Question 18

what are the shared characteristics between plants and fungi?

Answer 18

-Both are eukaryotic and have numerous organelles
-Both have a cell wall present
-Most are anchored in soil
-Both are stationary
-Both can reproduce sexually, asexually, or both

Question 19

what are the differences between plants and fungi?

Answer 19

Plants
-Only 1 nucleus per cell
-Most are autotrophs
-Store ENERGY as starch
-Have roots
-Cell wall made up of cellulose
-Reproduce by seed

Fungi
-Can have many nuclei
-Are heterotrophs
-Few storage molecules
-No roots
-Cell wall made of chitin (a polysaccharide)
-Do not reproduce by seed
*Some fungi can be single-celled

Question 20

Classification of fungi

Answer 20

• fungi have 5 phyla
• common ancestor is an aquatic protist

Question 21

ignore (wont let me delete)

Answer 21

ignore

Question 22

what are the 2 main reasons why fungi adapt?

Answer 22

1. digestion
2. Reproduction

Question 23

Digestion

Answer 23

-Their digestion is extracellular (occurs outside the cell - fungi feed by secreting enzymes through the cell membrane)
- Once digestion has occurred, the nutrients are absorbed by mycelium, which is a mesh-like network of filaments called hyphae
-Mycelium often looks like the “fuzz” we associate with mold
-Instead of taking food inside their bodies, fungi grow next to or within their food source and then release digestive enzymes into their surroundings (then the fungi absorb the nutrients through cell membranes of the hyphae

Question 24

Reproduction

Answer 24

• fungi possess haploid (n) nuclei (i.e. a single set of chromosomes)
• each spore contains a haploid nucleus (slide 17 lesson 7)
• these spores germinate and produce hyphae with single nuclei separated by septa
• when two hyphae come in contact with one another, two of their cells can fuse which forms a dikaryotic cell with two separate haploid nuclei
• this cell then grows into a large new mycelium made of cells with two haploid nuclei
• when the mycelium becomes large and matures it, may produce a mushroom cap
• on the underside of the cap, spore-producing structures called basidia, the two haploid nuclei fuse which forms a zygote
• the zygote undergoes meiosis which results in the production of four haploid spores
• the spores are then released in the environment