FWAQ Paper 2 Flashcards
(14 cards)
Describe the stages that are required to clone a bull
Nucleus from body cell
Insert this nucleus into enucleated egg cell
Electric shock
Mitosis/cell division
Embryo into uterus
Surrogate mother
give two advantages of using cloning rather than selective breeding to produce offspring
no genetic variation
Faster
give examples of biotic control variables
age
Species
Decomposer
Same number of …..
what process is used to absorb water from the soil
osmosis
give two uses of water in a plant
support
Cooling
Reaction/solvent/transport of minerals
Photosynthesis
give examples of abiotic control variables
Temperature
Size
Water
Volume
Time
Mass
GH increases transcription
Explain why this affects the growth of rats
More mRNA made
More translation
More protein
Enzymes
Tissue
Explain how vaccination protects humans from pathogens
Dead pathogen
Produce memory cells/lymphocytes
Secondary immune response
Faster, more antibodies produced
explain how a change in the DNA of a microorganisms can reduce it’s ability to digest a substance
Different bases in DNA
Changes mRNA
Transcription
Changes tRNA/sequences of amino acids
Translation
Change structure/shape of protein
Changes active site
Enzyme not functional
Explain why a change in DNA not affect the phenotype of an organism
Codons code for same amino acids
No change in protein
Active site not changed
Mutation/ allele may be recessive
So not expressed in the phenotype
Mutation may occur in a non-coding sequence of DNA
when plants carry out photosynthesis what do they produce
carbohydrates
describe how you could use hydrogen carbonate indicator to investigate the effect of light intensity on net gas exchange in a leaf
add same volume of hydrogen carbonate indicator to four boiling points tubes
Place same size leaves into tubes
Seal with rubber bung
Wrap one tube in aluminium foil
One in gauze
Place all tubes in bright light
Leave tube four 1 hour
Results
. You will expect the dark tube to go yellow as no photosynthesis only respiration more co2,released
. Shaded to stay a similar colour of orange as a little photosynthesis and some respiration taking place
.Indicator in well lit to go purple as there is some respiration but a lot of photosynthesis leading to net uptake of co2 by the leaf lowering the concentration
What is insermination
Collect semen from penis of bull
Insert straw into cow
Puts semen in vagina/uterus
Describe how scientists could investigate which of two bulls is the best to use as a father in dairy farming
use semen to fertilise cow
Collect/ measure milk yields
From each daughter/offspring of these cows
Select bull with highest milk yield
