G C

Question 1

Sustainability

Answer 1

Social, economic and environmental use of resources in a way that allows future generations to maintain their standard of living.

Question 2

Arid and semi-arid areas

Answer 2

arid areas receive less than 250mm rainfall per year whereas semi-arid areas receive between 250mm and 500mm per annum

Question 3

infertility

Answer 3

a lack of nutrients or bases in soils, cause by low weathering rates, a lack of biomass; insufficient nutrients to support arable farming.

Question 4

periglacial

Answer 4

snow and ice cover on the fringe of glaciated areas (peri = edge) usually associated with permafrost or ground that remains frozen for at least two years. These regions include high mountain and tundra areas of northern Eurasia and North America.

Question 5

permafrost

Answer 5

permanently frozen subsurface. TO be classified as a permafrost the land must have been frozen for at least two years.

Question 6

Weathering and erosion

Answer 6

weathering is the breakdown (denudation) of the Earth’s surface in situ (on the spot, that is, without a moving force) whereas erosion is the breakdown of the Earth’s surface by a moving force, for example glaciers, rivers, wind.)

Question 7

Desertification

Answer 7

the spread of desert or desert-like conditions

Question 8

Indigenous people

Answer 8

People native to an area and who have been there for many generations.

Question 9

Resource nationalism

Answer 9

The use of a country’s resources to benefit that country rather than allowing a TNC or another country to benefit from the resources.

Question 10

polar environments are located? what belt of environments do they have

Answer 10

towards the north pole and the south pole where levels of insolation (solar radiation) are very low)/. in the northern hemisphere there is a belt of periglacial environments, other cold environments are associated with high mountains.

Question 11

where are desert and semi-arid environments located?

Answer 11

around the tropics and are associated with permanent high-pressure systems which limit the potential rain formation

Question 12

what are the main factors determining the location of the world’s main deserts?

Answer 12

• high-pressure conditions, for example Sahara and the great Australian deserts
• Continentality - large distance from the sea
• Rain-shadow effects, as in Patagonia in South America and the Gobi desert in central Asia.
• Cold upwelling currents which limit the amount of moisture held in the air.

Question 13

Disadvantages of mountain areas

Answer 13

difficult areas to build on, they act as barriers to transport, soil are often thin and suffer from high rates of overland run-off and erosion.

Question 14

periglacial areas - or tundra regions advantages

Answer 14

low temperature produce low rates of evaporation and soils are frequently waterlogged but the growing season is short. Some periglacial areas support large numbers of people and there may be important settlements adjacent to some high-altitude environments

Question 15

features of desert and semi-arid environments

Answer 15

in areas close to the gulf of aden or the red sea, the lack of water acts as a major constraint for developments. Temperatures are high and in the absence of fresh water the farming is almost impossible. The annual rainfall varies between 250mm and 500mm. Deseret areas may be characterized by a mixture of steep slopes, flat areas, seasonal streams and flash floods.

Question 16

extreme environments are characterized by

Answer 16

low population densities. for example, three people per square km in central Australia, Iceland and northern Canada. (insufficient heat) Two people per square km in Namibia, and one people per square km in western Sahara. (insufficient water)

Question 17

indigenous people coping with periglacial environments

Answer 17

indigenous people have turned to river and the oceans since fishing is extremely important in periglacial environments. (Nenets of the Yamal Peninsula in SIbera e.g.)

Question 18

building on permafrost

Answer 18

engineers rise building above the ground on steel frame so that cold air can flow under them and stop the permafrost from thawing, or thaw the ground first so the structure keeps the ground from freezing.

Question 19

rainfall in the arid environment

Answer 19

areaas with less than 250 mm rainfall has annual variability of about 50%, flash floods may occur in deserts due to dry surfaces these result in sheet flow (water flowing over large surface areas rather than in distinct channels) and lead to erosion and severe disruption of economic activities

Question 20

sheet flow

Answer 20

in arid areas where water flowing over large surface areas rather than in distinct channels and lead to erosion and severe disruption of economic activities

Question 21

when more snow falls (accumulates\an input) than melts (ablates\an output)

Answer 21

the glacier advances

Question 22

an input - snow falls another from a glacier word

Answer 22

accumulates

Question 23

an output - snow melts of a glacier another word

Answer 23

ablation

Question 24

when less snow falls (accumulates\an input) and more melts (ablates\an output)

Answer 24

the glacier retreats

Question 25

when same amount of snow falls (accumulates\an input) and melts (ablates\an output)

Answer 25

the glacier is steady

Question 26

the glacier is steady when

Answer 26

accumulation=ablation

Question 27

glacier retreats when (negative regime)

Answer 27

accumulation

Question 28

glacier advances when (positive regime)

Answer 28

accumulation > ablation

Question 29

pluvials

Answer 29

rainy periods

Question 30

desertification

Answer 30

due to annual and decadal (in 10 years) variations in rainfall can cause deserts to expand and at other times contract

Question 31

Glacial erosion methods

Answer 31

plucking and abrasion

Question 32

plucking (akmens suskilinejimas, atlauzti jo gabaleliai)

Answer 32

this occurs mostly at the base of the glacier and to an extent at the side. it most affective in jointed rocks. As the ice moves, meltwater seeps into the joints and freezes to the rock, which is then ripped out by the moving glacier. Plucking involves downward pressure caused by the weight of the ice and downhill movement. Once the material has been ripped out of the bedrock it can be use din abrasion

Question 33

abrasion (nubrozdinimai)

Answer 33

that when glacier's debris scrapes and scratches the rock leaving striations and grooves in the rock. The coarser material will scrape scratch and groove the rock. The finer material will smooth and polish the rock; as ice movement continues, the glacier load will be worn down to form a rock floor.

Question 34

debris covered glaciers

Answer 34

valley glaciers that have a layer of rocks and sediment on top of the ice surface

Question 35

factors affecting glacial abrasion

Answer 35

ice thickness basal water pressure removal of fine depris depris particle size and shape hardness of particles and bedrock

Question 36

most effective abrasion

Answer 36

when hard particles at the glacier base pass over a soft bedrock

Question 37

Weathering

Answer 37

is the breaking down or dissolving of rocks and minerals on Earths surface

Question 38

deposition

Answer 38

when the glacier melts and retreats it leaves behind these rock fragments and sediments in process

Question 39

a cirque or corrie

Answer 39

an amphitheatre shaped valley that has been scooped out by erosion at the head of a glacier A lake round

Question 40

how cirques are formed

Answer 40

1. a preglacial hollow is enlarged by nivation (freeze-thaw and removal of snowmelt) 2. ice accumulates in the hollow 3. having reached a critical weight and depth the ice moves out in a rotational manner, eroding the floor by plucking and abrasion 4. meltwater trickles down the bergschrund allowing the cirque to grow by freeze-thaw

Question 41

nivation

Answer 41

freeze-thaw and removal of snowmelt

Question 42

bergschrund

Answer 42

a crevasse that forms when the moving glacier ice seperates from the non-moving above)

Question 43

arêtes and pyramidal peaks (horns)

Answer 43

are cause by the cutting back of two or more cirques.

Question 44

glacial troughs

Answer 44

u-shaped valleys

Question 45

hanging valley

Answer 45

they are formed by tributary glaciers which unlike rivers do not cut down to the level of main valley but are left suspended above. they are usually marked by waterfalls.

Question 46

a roche mountonnée or sheepback

Answer 46

bare mound of rock which is smoothed and polished on their up-valley side (stoss) but plucked on their down-valley side (lee)

Question 47

glacial deposition characteristics

Answer 47

poor sorting mixture of rock types long axis orientated in the direction of glacier flow striated and subangular particles (visokiu keistu kampu)

Question 48

moraine

Answer 48

moraine are loose rocks weathered from the valley sides and carried by glaciers.

Question 49

drumlins

Answer 49

small oval mounds, panasiai kaip smelis susifromuoja kopa, kalniukas, kuris visa deposit sukuria vienoj vietoj

Question 50

erratics

Answer 50

glacier-transported rock fragments that differ from the local bedrock and may be embedded in till or on the ground surface. they determine the direction of glacier movements.

Question 51

periglacial areas

Answer 51

found on the edge of glaciers or ice masses

Question 52

permafrost

Answer 52

periglacial environments are characterized by permafrost which is usually very deep and freezed-thaw action which continuously alters the ground surface so that large quantities of rocks are common

Question 53

types of periglacial regions

Answer 53

arctic continental alpine arctic maritime

Question 54

freeze-thaw

Answer 54

when the temperature fluctuates above or below 0 so the water expands 9-10% and places great pressure on rocks which are broken down to scree (itrukimai toki sakoti mountains)

Question 55

types of permafrost

Answer 55

continuous -5 to -50 discontinuous -1,5 to -5 sporadic 0 to -1,5

Question 56

the main factors controlling the depth of the active layer

Answer 56

latitude and altitude rock type the nature of the vegetation cover

Question 57

pingo

Answer 57

they can only develop in periglacial areas they are the result of the movement of freezing of water under pressure. open-system and closed-system

Question 58

thermokarst

Answer 58

caused by the melting of permafrost (fire, climate warming, removal of vegetation.)

Question 59

patterned ground

Answer 59

stone stripes or garlands on the ground in periglacial areas

Question 60

weathering in desert types

Answer 60

salt crystallization and disintegration

Question 61

salt crystallization

Answer 61

which is caused when salts expand and this creates pressure on joints forcing rocks to crack, then the water evaporates, and salt crystals are left behind.

Question 62

disintegration

Answer 62

rocks heat up during the day but only the surfaces so they peel or exfoliate

Question 63

river in the deserts are sorted out to (explain)

Answer 63

exotic - they have their source in another wetter environment and then flow through desert (nile) endorheic - those that drain into an inland lake or sea (jordan river - into dead sea) ephemeral - rivers that flow seasonally or after storms and have high sediment levels.

Question 64

wind erosion types and expalin

Answer 64

deflation - removal of small material leaving behind large material abrasion - the erosion carried out by wind-borne particles. they act like a sandpaper smoothing the surfaces

Question 65

features of the arid landscape

Answer 65

dunes - an example would be barchan dunes found where sand is limited by there is a constant wind supply. yardangs and zeugens - wind eroded landforms. zeugens are mushroom shaped resistant layers left and yardangs are long ridges.

Question 66

wadis

Answer 66

river channels formed by flash floods or wetter pluvial periods

Question 67

arroyos

Answer 67

river channels that have been enlarged by repeated flooding

Question 68

solifluction

Answer 68

flowing soil. as water freezes in the soil causing expansion of the soil. in spring the water melts and flows downhill together with the soil.

Question 69

agriculture in hot arid areas

Answer 69

type of farming in most hot arid areas is nomadism. they wander with their herds of camels, goats, sheep, etc in search of water. rivers and oases provide opportunities for settled agriculture. For example, the oasis at Douz, Tunisia, produces dates, figs and oranges.

Question 70

salinization

Answer 70

occurs in areas where annual precipitation is less than 250mm. water evaporates and leaves behind large amounts of salts - it affects the growth of most crop plants by reducing the rate of water uptake by roots and plants die

Question 71

mineral extraction in hot arid areas

Answer 71

oil and gas in middle east, copper in Chile difficult because of transportation and expensiveness negative environmental effects such as - dust for respiratory problems, pollution and risk for the exotic species.

Question 72

human impact on extreme environments case studies

Answer 72

ski industry due to climate change and melting of snow covers, skiing resorts are forced to make artificial snow. mount everest the road network is rapidly increasing but little attention is paid to safety regulation so it leads to erosion. Due to overcrowded destination, pollution of garbage increases on the mountain’s surface; more garbage raw garbage is taken down to the lower settlements and buried in large pits where inevitably it will threaten the surroundings with toxic leachates.

Question 73

greenland resource nationalism case study

Answer 73

High natural resource concentration is inaccessible due to snow cover, so melting of snow associated with climate change is beneficial to Greenland but harmful to the world.

Question 74

oil in libya case study

Answer 74

Oil reserves in Libya are the largest in Africa and are considered highly attractive due to its low cost of oil production. Before the Arab Spring, the production reached over 1.5 million barrels per day but after Arab Spring it significantly decreased. Oil infrastructure has been sabotaged. Groups claiming to be affiliated with ISIS also damaged pipelines and vital equipment. In 2015 attacks by gunmen on oil fields prompted the National Oil Corporation to shut down operations at 11 oil fields.

Question 75

global climate change advantages

Answer 75

more areas will be able to have agriculture due to temperature increase in greenland over 90 000 toursits came that stayed in the hotels in 2015

Question 76

ribbon lake

Answer 76

pailgas lake'as in the walley

Question 77

Global dimming

Answer 77

is a process by which less direct sunlight reaches Earth's surface due to aerosol particles, dust, and pollution in the atmosphere that reflect sunlight back into space.