G: Heart

Question 1

Superior and inferior mediastinum are separated by ___

Answer 1

sternal angle

Question 2

Superior mediastinum extends from __ (superior) to __ (inferior)

Answer 2

rib 1 to sternal angle

right around the root of the neck

Question 3

Inferior mediastinum extends from __ (superior) to __ (inferior)

Answer 3

sternal angle to diaphragm

divided into anterior/posterior/middle

Question 4

The pericardium is made up of 2 main layers. What ar ethey?

Answer 4

1. outer fibrous layer

2. inner thin serous pericardium (parietal and visceral parts)

Question 5

2/3 of the heart sits __ to midline

Midclavicular line should line up with __

should sit between __ intercostal space and __ intercostal space

Answer 5

left

apex of heart

between 2-5 intercostal spaces

Question 6

From superficial to deep, name the layers of the heart wall

Answer 6

1. epicardium (visceral layer of serous pericardium)
2. myocardium (cardiac muscle)
3. endocardium (endothelium lining the chamber)

Question 7

Base of the heart

• where is it
• why is it important

Answer 7

posterior side of heart

this is where great vessels come in/put

Question 8

Apex of heart

• where is it
• points to what

Answer 8

inferior (around 5th intercostal space)

points to left hit, sits on the diaphragm

Question 9

Inferior border of the heart faces the ___

Right border of the heart faces the ___

Left border of the heart faces the ___

Superior border of the heart ___

Answer 9

inferior (diaphragmatic border)- diaphragm

right - right lung

left - left lung

superior - where vessels coming in/out

Question 10

Anterior surface of the heart is against ___

Inferior surface of the heart is against ___

Right pulmonary surface of the heart is against ___

left pulmonary surface of the heart is agains t___

Answer 10

anterior - sternum AKA STERNAL BORDER

inferior - diaphragm

righ tpulmonary - right lung

left pulmonary - left lung

Question 11

what’s the difference between border and surface of a heart?

Answer 11

border is a sharp edge

surface is a flat side

Question 12

Where are the 4 chambers relative to the borders/surfaces of the heart?

Answer 12

right atrium - right border

right ventricle - inferior broder and anterior surface

left atrium - superior border and posterior surface

left ventricle - left border and apex

Question 13

Atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves are important for ___

Answer 13

one directional blood flow

Question 14

Which is tougher in composition: atrioventricular valves or semilunar valves

Answer 14

semilunar valves

Question 15

Semilunar valves are between __ and __

Answer 15

ventricles and ejecting vessels

Question 16

atrioventricular valves are between __ and __

Answer 16

atria and ventricles lol

Question 17

Interatrial septum is between ___

interventricular septumis between __

Answer 17

right and left atria lol

between right and left ventricles lol

Question 18

Fossa ovalis is found on ___

Answer 18

interatrial septum

Question 19

___ has a muscular portion and an intramembronous portion

Answer 19

interventricular septum

Question 20

Describe the clinical features found in the right atrium

Answer 20

1. crista terminalis
2. auricle
3. pectinate mm
4. fossa ovalis
5. interatrial septum

Question 21

The smooth wall portion of the right atrium is the ____.

This is derived from ___

Answer 21

interatrial septum is smooth wall

derived from sinus venosus

Question 22

The auricle of the right atrium is the ___

Answer 22

roof

Question 23

The roughened wall part of the right atrium is called ___

Answer 23

pectinate mm

Question 24

What is the crista terminalis of the right atrium?

Answer 24

vertical ridge that separates the rough part from the smooth part of right atrium

Question 25

Fossa ovalis is a remnant of ___ Found within the ___

Answer 25

foramen ovale on the interatrial septum

Question 26

Fossa ovalis is ___ to the opening for the coronary sinus

Answer 26

superior

Question 27

20% of the population has a patent foramen ovale what does this mean

Answer 27

foramen ovale never closed into fossa ovalis they still have the opening

Question 28

Right atrium receives ____ blood from what structures?

Answer 28

deoxygenated blood from: 1. superior vena cava 2. inferior vena cava 3. coronary sinus

Question 29

The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from SVC, IVC and coronary sinus. Where do each of these drain blood from?

Answer 29

1. superior vena cava - head/neck 2. inferior vena cava - lower extremity 3. coronary sinus (from heart itself)

Question 30

The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from svc, ivc, ccoronary sinus. Do the openings from these structures contain valves?

Answer 30

no these are always "open"

Question 31

The right atrioventricular valve is also called ___

Answer 31

tricuspid valve

Question 32

What are the 3 cusps on the tricuspid valve?

Answer 32

anterior cusp posterior cusp septal cusp

Question 33

The 3 cusps on the tricuspid valve are anchored to the ___ in the ventricles

Answer 33

papillary mm

Question 34

The 3 cusps on the tricuspid valve are anchored to the papillary muscles in the ventricles via ____

Answer 34

chordae tendineae

Question 35

What are chordae tendinae?

Answer 35

they anchor the tricuspid valve cusps to the papillary muscles in the ventricles

Question 36

The roughened part of the right ventricle is called ___

Answer 36

trabeculae carneae

Question 37

What is trabeculae carneae?

Answer 37

the roughed part of the right ventricle

Question 38

What is the septomarginal trabeculae (moderator band) of the right atrium?

Answer 38

located medially this structure makes up part of the conduction system

Question 39

What is the conus arteriosus (infundimbulum) of the right ventricle?

Answer 39

funnel to the pulmonary trunk most superior part of the ventricle!

Question 40

The most superior part of the right ventricle is on it's way out to the pulmonary trunk. This is called ___

Answer 40

conus arteriosus (infundibulum)

Question 41

Papillary muscle in right atrium - how many - what is it formed form

Answer 41

coming off of floor from trabeculae carneae 3 in right atrium - anterior, posterior, septal

Question 42

Off of papillary muscles in the right atrium, ___ connect them to the right AV valve

Answer 42

chorda tendinae

Question 43

TRA-PAP-CORD-AV what the f does this mean

Answer 43

trabeculae carnea - > papillary m -> cordae tendinae - > av valve

Question 44

The pulmonary valve is located ___

Answer 44

in the pulmonary trunk at the apex of the infundimubul

Question 45

How many cusps does the pulmonary valve have?

Answer 45

3 cusps | left, right, anterior

Question 46

What clinical features does the left atrium have?

Answer 46

1. left auricle 2. valve of foramen ovale 3. pectinate mm 4. pulmonary veins

Question 47

The left atrioventricular valve is also called __

Answer 47

bicuspid valve | mitral valve

Question 48

What are the names of the cusps for the bicuspid valve

Answer 48

anterior cusp | posteror cusp

Question 49

The bicupsid valve cusps are anchored via __ to __

Answer 49

anchored via chordae tendinae to papillary muscles

Question 50

What is the aortic orifice of the left ventricle?

Answer 50

leads into the ascending aorta

Question 51

Is there a moderator band in the left ventricle?

Answer 51

no | because the myocardium is 3x thicker than that of the right ventricle

Question 52

Aortic valve is lcoated in the ___ How many cusps? Names?

Answer 52

located in aorta 3 cusps left, right, posterior

Question 53

4 valves of the heart are attached to a ____

Answer 53

fibrous skeleton (composed of dense collagen rings and trigones)

Question 54

The listen to the heart, you need to place the stethescope ___ of the blood flow

Answer 54

downstream

Question 55

What is the auscultation point for the tricuspid valve?

Answer 55

left of sternum near 5th intercostal space

Question 56

What is the auscultation point for the mitral valve?

Answer 56

over apex of heart in left 5th intercostal space on mid-clavicular line

Question 57

What is the auscultation point for the pulmonary valve?

Answer 57

over medial end of left second intercostal space

Question 58

What is the auscultation point for the aortic vavle?

Answer 58

over medial end of right second intercostal space

Question 59

The coronary arteries arise from either side of the ____

Answer 59

aortic sinuses

Question 60

What are the 2 main coronary arteries

Answer 60

right coronary artery | left coronary artery

Question 61

What are the 3 main branches of right coronary artery

Answer 61

1. anterior right atrial artery 2. right marginal artery 3. posterior interventricular artery

Question 62

The right coronary artery travels in the ____ around the right side of the heart

Answer 62

coronary sulcus

Question 63

The right coronary artery travels through the coronary sulcus. It turns inferiorly and becomes ____

Answer 63

posterior interventricular artery

Question 64

The posterior interventricular artery lies in the ____

Answer 64

posterior interventricular sulcus

Question 65

Right marginal artery aka ___ Runs towards the __

Answer 65

acute margina artery Runs towards apex of heart

Question 66

The superior continuation of the anterior right atrial artery is ____

Answer 66

sinu-atrial nodal artery

Question 67

The right coronary artery supplies: __

Answer 67

- right atrium - right ventricle - sinu-atrial node - atrioventricular node - interatrial septum - portion left atrium - posterior inferior 1/3 interventricular septu - portion posterior part of left ventricle

Question 68

Left coronary artery supplies most of ___

Answer 68

- left atrium - left ventrcle - interventricular septum - atrioventricular bundle and it's branches

Question 69

Left coronary artery branches

Answer 69

- anterior interventricular artery (left anterior descending artery - LAD) - circumflex artery -> left marginal artery

Question 70

Coronary dominance is established by which (R/L) coronary artery gives off ____

Answer 70

posterior interventricular artery | because that supplies most of the heart

Question 71

What is the general distribution of coronary dominance?

Answer 71

right = 65% left = 15% balanced = 20%

Question 72

Most veins of the heart are tributaries to the ___

Answer 72

coronary sinus

Question 73

The coronary sinus is located ___

Answer 73

in posterior portion of coronary sulcus

Question 74

The coronary sinus opens into the ___ between __ and __

Answer 74

right atrium between the IVC and AV orifices

Question 75

What are the main veins in the venous drainage system of the heart?

Answer 75

great cardiac vein middle cardiac vein small cardiac vein anterior cardiac vein

Question 76

What is the course of the great cardiac vein?

Answer 76

w/ anterior interventricular artery in anterior IV sulcus turns left- runs in coronary sulcus travles w/ circumflex artery around left side of heart empties into coronary sinus

Question 77

What is the course of the middle cardiac vein?

Answer 77

travels with posterior interventricular artery in posterior IV sculcus drains into coronary sinus superiorly

Question 78

What is the course of the small cardiac vein?

Answer 78

travels with right margin artery along lateral right ventricle turns right to run in coronary sulcus travels with right coronary artery around side of heart empties into coronary sinus

Question 79

What is the course of anterior cardiac veins?

Answer 79

travel with anterior right ventricular aa along right ventricle ascend toward righat auricle and empty directly int right atrium through orifices

Question 80

All cardiac veins drain into coronary sinus except for ___

Answer 80

anterior cardiac veins drain directly into right atrium

Question 81

What is cardiac catherization?

Answer 81

a procedure used to diagnose and treat cardiovascular conditions Use thin tube called catheter inserted into artery/vein in groin/neck/arm and threaded blood vessel to the heart

Question 82

Occlusion of major coronary arteries, usually due to atherosclerorsis, leads to ___

Answer 82

inadequate oxygenation of an area of myocardium eventually cell death

Question 83

____ may be used for coronary artery bypass grafts

Answer 83

great saphenous veins alternatively: internal thoracic artery or radial artery

Question 84

The heart has it's own conduction system called ___

Answer 84

intrinsict conduction system

Question 85

Does the autonomic nervous system affect the rate of heartbeat?

Answer 85

yes

Question 86

How does the ANS affect the rate of heartbeat?

Answer 86

sympathetic innervation from T1-T12 parasympathetic innervation from vagus nerve (CN X)

Question 87

Both sympathetic and parasympathetics contribute to ____ plexuses of nerves

Answer 87

superficial cardiac plexuses deep cardiac plexuses

Question 88

Impulses initiated by the SA node travel to the ___

Answer 88

AV node propagation allows for atrial contraction

Question 89

Impulses travel from AV node to ____

Answer 89

AV bundle and IV septum

Question 90

The AV bundle impulses divide into ___

Answer 90

right and left bundle branches

Question 91

From bundle branches, impulse is transferred to ____

Answer 91

Purkinje fibers

Question 92

Purkinje fibers travel to ____ for contraction

Answer 92

ventricles

Question 93

Damage to intrinsic cardiac conduction results in ___

Answer 93

cardiac arrhythmias

Question 94

Damage to AV node will cause ___

Answer 94

heart block uncoordinated contractions

Question 95

Pacemakers may be inserted to control contractions of cardiac arrythmias occur. What types of pacemakers are there?

Answer 95

single chamber dual chamber biventricular

Question 96

Placing a pacemaker... battery pack is inserted subcutaneously below ___ electrode threaded down through ___ Pass through __ Electrode terminal firmly fixed to ___ Placed in contact with ___

Answer 96

battery pack inserted subcutaneously below clavicle electrode threaded through svc to right atrium passes through av valve to right ventricle electrote terminal firmly fixed to trabeculae carnea placed in contact with endocardium of ventricular wall

Question 97

Which coronary artery is known as teh "widdow maker" because of it's association with common vascular problems?

Answer 97

anterior interventricular artery (LAD = left anterior descending artery)