G P E

Question 1

Articulator

Answer 1

a mechanical instrument that represents the temporomandibular joints and jaws, to which maxillary and mandibular casts may be attached to simulate some or all mandibular positions and movements.

Question 2

Occludor

Answer 2

a prosthetic device intended to set the upper and lower cast in a given position. It is mostly used in recording ICP. Some occludors may simulate mouth opening and closing.

Question 3

„Scribing”/”Positional” Articulators

Answer 3

Instruments permit eccentric motion based on engraved records obtained from the patient. For imitating the tooth guidance primarily in horizontal plane. Movements are guided by the 3 or 4 pins and cups holding the guiding material, which are developed similarly to the incisal pin and table of the articulators. In vertical dimension only the vertical and horizontal overbite determines the movements of the mandible.

Question 4

Arcon articulator

Answer 4

an articulator that applies the arcon design (articulator condylare); this instrument maintains anatomic guidelines by use of condylar analogs attached to the mandibular element and fossae assemblies attached to the maxillary element.

Question 5

Nonarcon articulator

Answer 5

an articulator whose condylar path components are part of the lower member of the articulator and whose condylar replica components are part of the upper member.

Question 6

Occlusal plane

Answer 6

is an imaginary plane, which rests on three characteristic points – the mesial corner of the incisal edge of the lower left central incisor (incision inferius), and the disto-buccal cusp tips of the two distal most (third or second) mandibular molars.

Question 7

Incision inferius

Answer 7

the mesial corner of the incisal edge of the lower left central incisor.

Question 8

Pantograph

Answer 8

an instrument used to graphically record the paths of mandibular movement in one or more planes, and to provide information for the programming the adjustable articulators.

Question 9

Frankfort horizontal plane

Answer 9

called also eye-ear plane or auriculo-orbital plane. A plane passing through the lowest point of the margin of the left orbit (orbitale) and the highest point in the margin of each external auditory meatus (porion). [It approximates to the horizontal, when the head is in a normal upright position]. It is the most important reference plane of the head; it is theoretically parallel to the horizon when the patient is in the natural head position.

Question 10

Camper’s plane

Answer 10

called also acanthion-external auditory meatus plane. Established by the left tragion-subnasale point-right tragion. A plane extending from the inferior border of the ala of the nose to the superior border of the tragus of the ear. After the patient has lost the teeth it can be used to determine the occlusal plane, because it is parallel with this.

Question 11

Intercuspation

Answer 11

The cusp-to-fossa relationship of the upper and lower posterior teeth to one another. The interlocking or fitting together of the cusps of opposing teeth. Also called interdigitation. A cusp creates occlusal contacts around the fossa or on the marginal ridge of the opposing tooth.

Question 12

Occlusal unit

Answer 12

each tooth makes contacts with two opposing teeth, with the exception of the lower central incisor and the upper wisdom tooth. The three occluding teeth are called an occlusal unit.

Question 13

Occlusal surface

Answer 13

The collective surface of the individual teeth that is intended to make contact with the occlusal surfaces of the opposing teeth. This surface is a complicated, curved surface, with a horseshoe shape. The area of the grinding surface is only a few square centimeters.

Question 14

Curve of Spee

Answer 14

The edges of the mandibular incisors and the cusps of the mandibular grinding teeth are situated under the chewing plane, on a concave arch. From lateral view, an imaginary line is drawn through the buccal cusp tips of the lower posterior teeth (molars and premolar) conformed to a fairly even curve in an anterior to posterior direction. This curvature is within the sagittal plane only. The occlusal surface of the lower premolars look distally, while the occlusal surface of the second and third molar looks mesially, deepest point of the Spee curve is on the place of the first lower molar.

Question 15

Curve of (Monson) Wilson

Answer 15

From the frontal aspect, the buccal cusps of the mandibular molars are higher than the lingual cusps. The cusps are situated in the frontal plane on a concave curve.

Question 16

Bonwill triangle

Answer 16

is an imaginary equilateral triangle bounded by lines connecting the contact points of the mandibular central incisor’s incisal edge (incision inferius, or the mid-line of the mandibular residual ridge) to each condyle (usually its midpoint) and from one condyle to the other. It has an importance in the construction of articulators and in the mounting of casts in the articulator.

Question 17

Balkwill angle

Answer 17

the angle formed between the Bonwill tirangle and the occlusal plane, it is on average 22º, and opened distally.

Question 18

Cusp

Answer 18

part of the occlusal surface of a posterior tooth (premolar, molar). A cusp is a hard eminence on a tooth that emerges from the occlusal surface of the tooth. The cusp is similar to a prism, with three surfaces, rounded edges and convex surfaces, like a trieder, the apex has also a rounded form, is not sharp.

Question 19

Mesial and distal cusp ridges

Answer 19

cylindrical slopes started from the tip of the cusp to mesial and distal direction, cusp ridges are eminences that radiate from cusp tips. There are two marginal ridges, mesial and distal. They are located on the mesial and distal borders of the occlusal surface.

Question 20

Triangular ridge

Answer 20

is a convex surface, lying between the tip of the cusps and the central groove of a cuspal tooth.

Question 21

Marginal ridge

Answer 21

cylindrical feature of the teeth which borders the occlusal surface of the premolar and molar teeth mesially and distally.

Question 22

Centric cusp

Answer 22

(also functional cusp) the bigger, broader and more rounded cusps, which make contacts with two cusps of the opposing teeth around the central fossa. These cusps are known as the centric, centric holding or stamp cusps. These cusps provide the vertical distance between the mandible and the maxilla. Centric cusps are the buccal cusps on the lower teeth and the palatal ones on the upper teeth.

Question 23

Non-centric cusp

Answer 23

(also non-functional cusps) the non-centric or shear cusps are narrower than the centric cusps. They make contact only with one cusp in the opposing dental arch, they support it. They protect the bucca and tongue during chewing by keeping away soft tissues. They are the lingual cusps in the lower arch and the buccal cusps in the upper dental arch.

Question 24

Mesial and distal fossa

Answer 24

is situated at the mesial and distal end of the central groove, and forms an area slightly wider than the groove near to the marginal ridges.

Question 25

Central fossa

Answer 25

a third fossa on the molars in the middle of their occlusal surface at the meeting point of the grooves.

Question 26

Main/central groove

Answer 26

runs in mesiodistal direction between the buccal and lingual cusps of the premolars and molars, also named developmental grooves, since they are formed at the sites where the cusps grow together.

Question 27

Supplemental groove

Answer 27

smaller grooves on the surface of the cusps, they separate the triangular ridge from the mesial and distal cusp ridges.

Question 28

Central fissure

Answer 28

the bottom of the groove is called sulcus or fissure, the one in the central groove is the central fissure.

Question 29

Intercuspal space

Answer 29

the triangular area above the groove, between the bucccal and oral cusps of a tooth.

Question 30

Interocclusal space

Answer 30

the distance between the occluding surfaces of the maxillary and mandibular teeth when the mandible is in its rest position. There is no contact between the upper and lower teeth (free mandibular position). The distance between incisors is 2–8 mm, between molars is 1–4 mm, the distance depends on the bite form (normal, deep bite, etc).

Question 31

Physiologic rest position/Rest vertical dimension

Answer 31

the distance between two arbitrary selected points (one of which is on the middle face or nose and the other of which is on the lower face or chin) measured when the mandible is in the physiologic rest position. The habitual postural position of the mandible when at rest, in upright position and the condyles are in a neutral unstrained position in the mandibular fossae. Also called postural position.

Question 32

Occlusal vertical dimension

Answer 32

(physical vertical dimension) the distance measured between two arbitrary selected points (one of which is on the middle face or nose and the other of which is on the lower face or chin) measured when the occluding teeth are in maximum intercuspal position. When the teeth are present it is the uppermost position of the mandible, the distance between maxilla and mandible is the smallest.

Question 33

Edge to edge bite

Answer 33

occlusion type in which the opposing anterior teeth meet along their incisal edges when the teeth are in maximum intercuspation.

Question 34

Mandibular prognathism

Answer 34

an overgrowth of the mandible in an anteroposterior direction; a protrusion of the mandible in relation to the maxillae the lower front teeth overlap the upper front teeth, the condition of having the lower jaw that project beyond the upper part of the face

Question 35

Maxillary prognathism

Answer 35

the upper front teeth are positioned extremely labially, related to the lower ones, their horizontal overlap, the overjet is excessive (4-5mm).

Question 36

Deep bite

Answer 36

a dental malocclusion in which the upper front teeth cover the lower more than the normal amount of the overbite – 3mm – in centric occlusion position, an abnormally large vertical overlap of anterior teeth in centric occlusion.

Question 37

Open bite

Answer 37

the lack of contact between the front teeth in any occluding position of the posterior teeth, there is a space between the upper and lower front teeth, the patient can’t bite.

Question 38

Rest position

Answer 38

1. the mandibular position assumed when the head is in an upright position and the involved muscles, particularly the elevator and depressor groups, are in equilibrium in tonic contraction, and the condyles are in a neutral position in the glenoid fossae 2: the position assumed by the mandible when the attached muscles are in a state of tonic equilibrium. The position is usually noted when the head is held upright 3: the postural position of the mandible when an individual is resting comfortably in an upright position and the associated muscles are in a state of minimal contractual activity.

Question 39

Intercuspal position

Answer 39

the position of the mandible relating to the maxilla which is determined by the opposing cusp/fossa relationship of the masticatory teeth, when the teeth are in complete intercuspation. This term doesn’t give information about the condylar position, sometimes referred to as the best fit of the teeth regardless of the condylar position—called also maximal intercuspation.

Question 40

Centric realtion

Answer 40

according to modern gnathology centric relation position is the mandibulo-maxillar relationship in which the condyles articulate with the middle, thinnest avascular portion of their respective disks with the complex in the anterior-superior position against the shapes of the articular eminencies. This position is independent of tooth contacts. The discus articularis, which bears the load, has a contact with the anterior, upper surface of the condyle and the articular eminence. The term refers also to a range of mandibular movement, which is restricted to a purely rotary movement about the transverse horizontal/hinge axis (rotation of the capitulum mandible).

Question 41

Retruded contact position

Answer 41

Tooth contact position of the mandible, when the condyles are at their most retruded/distalmost position in the joint cavities. Not a stable position. The initial tooth contact usually occurs between the molars. The condyles are located generally 1-2 mm distally and inferiorly from the centric relation position.

Question 42

Centric occlusion

Answer 42

Tooth contact position when the jaw and the condyles are in centric relation and there is intercuspidation between the opposing teeth. This may or may not coincide with the maximal intercuspal position

Question 43

Frontal edge to edge bite

Answer 43

The position of the mandible, when the upper and lower edges of the incisors meet along with their incisal edges when the mandible is in a anterior/propulsive position.

Question 44

Lateral cusp bite position

Answer 44

Due to the lateral movement of the mandible on the working side the cusps of the lower and upper molars occlude, while – in ideal situation - on the nonworking side there is no occlusion.

Question 45

Maximum mouth opening position

Answer 45

It is the position of the lower jaw, where the distance is the biggest between the incisal edges of the upper and lower incisors. In this case the condyles in the TMJ get out from their central position. Through translation and rotation the condyle moves down and frontal direction driven by the tuberculum articulare and limited by the surrounding tissues.

Question 46

Maximum intercuspal position

Answer 46

When most of the teeth have a contact with the teeth of the opposing arch, independently from the position of the condyles. The condyles are not always in their centric position in their articular fossae, although it would be the optimal position.

Question 47

Propulsion

Answer 47

Propulsion/moving forward is a translational, symmetric movement in the median sagittal plane. The total propulsive path starts from the retruded contact position, passes through the intercuspal position and edge to edge occlusion and ends in the protruded contact position. In the case of normal overbite the lower incisors run against the upper front teeth during propulsion, therefore the further propulsion is possible only with a slight opening of the mandible at the same time. During propulsion the condyles move anteriorly and inferiorly on the slopes of the articular eminences, symmetrically on both sides. Ideally the incision inferius moves straight forward without any lateral movement.

Question 48

Repulsion

Answer 48

opposite movement of propulsion, a backward movement, it starts from the maximal protrusive position of the mandible; it goes till the intercuspal position. Protrusion and retrusion are guided movements, condyles move symmetrically in the two joints backward and a little upward. Ideally the incision inferius moves straight backward without any lateral excursion.

Question 49

Retropulsion

Answer 49

movement of the mandible from the intercuspal position to the retruded contact position

Question 50

Working side

Answer 50

the side toward which the mandible moves during lateral excursion.

Question 51

Non-working side

Answer 51

that side of the mandible that moves toward the median line during lateral excursion. Normally there is a gap between upper and lower teeth on the non-working side.

Question 52

Bennett movement

Answer 52

The lateral shift of the mandible during lateral movement is called as the Bennett movement, which is defined as the bodily shift of the mandible toward the working side during lateral excursion. A pure lateral movement of the mandible, when the working condyle only rotates around its vertical axis, occurs extremely rarely.

Question 53

Sagittal symphysis path

Answer 53

movement of the incision inferius, I point in the sagittal plane

Question 54

Sagittal condylar path

Answer 54

During the symmetrical movements of the jaw (propulsion and opening) the ectocondylare moves forward on concave pathway opened cranially, which has a radius ~20mm. The length of this path is about 15mm.

Question 55

Lateral symphysis path

Answer 55

movement of the incision inferius, I point in the horizontal plane

Question 56

Lateral condylar path

Answer 56

that path traveled by the mandibular condyle in the horizontal planeduring various mandibular movement

Question 57

Occlusion

Answer 57

it means any contacts between upper and lower teeth; this term means either a contact between one pair of teeth, or one group of teeth or the whole upper and lower dentition. The static relationship between the incising or masticating surfaces of the maxillary or mandibular teeth or tooth analogues.

Question 58

Inocclusion

Answer 58

there is no contact between upper and lower teeth.

Question 59

Nonocclusion

Answer 59

a kind of malocclusion, for example in intercuspal postition there is no occlusion between one or more teeth.

Question 60

Disclusion

Answer 60

The separation of the upper and lower teeth during any movements of the mandible.

Question 61

Tooth guidance

Answer 61

The occlusal/incisal surface of the teeth direct and at the same time limit the mandibular movements. A particular surface of a tooth directs one movement, another surface directs another movement. The movements in different directions can be guided by one tooth or a group of teeth, while the other teeth have no contact. We differentiate incisor, canine and group guidance.

Question 62

Incisor guidance

Answer 62

During protrusion the incisal edge of the lower incisors moves forward and downward on the palatal surface of the upper incisors, therefore this surface directs and limits the movement of the mandible, while there is no contact between the upper and lower cuspal teeth

Question 63

Canine protected articulation

Answer 63

a form of mutually protected articulation in which the vertical and horizontal overlap of the canine teeth disengages the posterior teeth in the excursive movements of the mandible. During lateral movement of the mandible the edge of the lower canine moves lateral and downward on the palatal surface of the upper canine, therefore this surface directs and limits the movement of the mandible, while the contact between the upper and lower cuspal teeth on the non-working side is disengaged

Question 64

Working side/group guidance

Answer 64

contacts of teeth made on the side of the articulation toward which the mandible is moved during working side movements. During lateral movement of the mandible the buccal cusps of more or all the opposing teeth have a contact, therefore the canines with the buccal cusps of the premolars and molars guide the movement, while the contact between the upper and lower chewing teeth on the non-working side is disengaged.

Question 65

Hyperbalance

Answer 65

during working side movement of the mandible there is no contact between the grinding teeth on the working side just on the balance side

Question 66

Centric relation term in prosthodontics

Answer 66

the mandibulo-maxillar relationship (in three dimensions), which is identical to that position, where the mandible would be in the centric occlusion position if the patient had the whole dentition. This position should be determined in edentulous patients and if the patient has not enough teeth to determine the centric occlusion position. The condyles are in a symmetrical centric, uppermost position in the joints, without any side shift, the discs are on the anterior-superior pole of the condyles.

Question 67

Range of the Bennett angle

Answer 67

between 7–30º, 10–15º in average - measured on the balance side

Question 68

Range of the Bennett movement

Answer 68

in horizontal plane 0.75mm in average, usually less than 1.5–2 mm – measured on the working side.

Question 69

Main points of the Posselt diagram

Answer 69

retruded contact position, intercuspal position, frontal edge to edge bite position, (maximal protrusion) anterior biting, protruded occlusion, reversed vertical overlap, maximal opening, end of hinge movement, postural rest position of the I point.

Question 70

Main points of the symphysis lateral path

Answer 70

retruded contact position, intercuspal position, frontal edge to edge bite position, maximal protrusion, lateral cusp bite position, maximal side movement.

Question 71

Main points of the lateral condylar path

Answer 71

retruded contact position, maximal protrusion or opening, maximal side movement

Question 72

Articulation

Answer 72

or dynamic occlusion, the continously changing contact relationship between the occlusal surfaces of the teeth during mandibular movements. Those movements of the mandible, which are guided and restricted by the teeth

Question 73

Orbitale

Answer 73

the lowest point of the lower edge of the cranial orbit

Question 74

Porion

Answer 74

uppermost point of the external auditory meatus

Question 75

Ectocondylare

Answer 75

the most external point of the mandibular condyle

Question 76

Gnathion

Answer 76

the lowest bony point of the mandible in the median sagittal plane. The lowest point on the anterior margin of the lower jaw in the midsaggital plane.

Question 77

Subnasale

Answer 77

the meeting point of septum nasi and the upper lip in the mediansaggital plane

Question 78

Tragion

Answer 78

the uppermost point of the tragus

Question 79

How big is base and height of the Bonwill triangle

Answer 79

base is 10cm, height is 8.5cm

Question 80

Mutually protected articulation

Answer 80

an occlusal scheme in which the posterior teeth prevent excessive contact of the anterior teeth in maximum intercuspidation, and the anterior teeth disengage the posterior teeth in all mandibular excursive movements. Alternatively, an occlusal scheme in which the anterior teeth disengage the posterior teeth in all mandibular excursive movements, and the posterior teeth prevent excessive contact of the anterior teeth in maximum intercuspation

Question 81

Anterior protected articulation

Answer 81

a form of mutually protected articulation in which the vertical and horizontal overlap of the anterior teeth disengages the posterior teeth in all mandibular excursive movement