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PHYSIO LAB - MIDTERMS > G7_Explorer_Synaptic Transmission and Amino Acid Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

G7_Explorer_Synaptic Transmission and Amino Acid Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

the most abundant neurotransmitters in the brain

A

Amino acids

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2
Q

Neurotransmitters are synthesized and stored in ____

A

presynaptic terminals

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3
Q

are specialized biological structures found in
the nervous system; they connect neurons together and transmit signals across
the neurons

A

Chemical and electrical synapses

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4
Q

the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

A

Glutamate

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5
Q

the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

A

GABA

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6
Q

single amino acid residues released from presynaptic nerve terminals in response to an action potential and cross the synaptic cleft to bind with specific receptor on the postsynaptic membrane

A

glutamic acid, GABA, aspartic acid, and glycine

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7
Q

The nervous system is composed of billions of specialized cells called

A

neurons

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8
Q

the cells of chemical communication in the brain

A

Neurons

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9
Q

In its most basic form, a neuron has two ends:

A

an axon
and a dendrite

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10
Q

are chemical substances that act as the mediator for
the transmission of nerve impulses from one neuron to another neuron through
synapses.

A

Neurotransmitters

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11
Q

Neurotransmitters are stored in the axon (or presynaptic neuron) in little packages called ___

A

synaptic vesicles

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12
Q

The release of neurotransmitter is triggered by the arrival of ___

A

nerve impulse (or action potential)

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13
Q

are specialized junctions through which cells of the nervous system signal to one another and to
non-neuronal cells such as muscles or glands

A

Synapses

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14
Q

The process by which the information is communicated through synapse is called

A

synaptic transmission

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15
Q

The secreted neurotransmitters can act on receptors on the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron through a gap called ___

A

synaptic gap

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16
Q

a junction between neurons that allows different molecules and ions to pass freely between cells

A

gap junction

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17
Q

A gap junction is composed of ___

A

connexons

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18
Q

each connexon is composed of ___ connexin proteins

A

six

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19
Q

Synapses between axons and dendrites are called

A

axodendritic

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20
Q

Particularly powerful synapses made between axons of one neuron and cell body of another postsynaptic cell are called ___

A

axosomatic synapses

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21
Q

The three major categories of substances that act as neurotransmitters are:

A

Amino acids
Amines
Others: The one which do not fit in any of these categories (acetyl choline and
nitric oxide)

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22
Q

The neurotransmitters of this group are involved in fast synaptic transmission and are inhibitory and excitatory in action

A

Amino acids

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23
Q

are the modified amino acids

A

Amines

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24
Q

The neurotransmitters of this group involve in slow synaptic transmission and are inhibitory and excitatory in action

A

Amines

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25
Q

noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, and histamine are

A

Amines

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26
Q

glutamic acid, GABA, aspartic acid, and glycine are

A

Amino acids

27
Q

the two amino acids are often are
found together at axon terminals

A

Aspartate
glutamate

28
Q

The two amino acids functioning as excitatory neurotransmitter are

A

Aspartate
glutamate

29
Q

acts as a brake to the excitatory neurotransmitters

A

GABA

30
Q

Neurotransmitters can be classified as either

A

excitatory
inhibitory

31
Q

__ neurotransmitters function to activate the receptors on the postsynaptic membrane and enhance the effects of action potential

A

Excitatory

32
Q

The action potential is produced by an influx of ___ through voltage dependent calcium-selective ion channels

A

calcium ions

33
Q

When the depolarization near the axon hillock reaches about ___ as a result of summation of EPSPs, a neuron will fire an action potential

A

−55 mv

34
Q

is a summation of signals that brings the membrane closer to the threshold (depolarizing effect)

A

excitatory
postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

35
Q

drives the membrane away from threshold by a hyperpolarizing effect.

A

inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

36
Q

a temporary increase in postsynaptic membrane potential within dendrites or cell bodies caused by the flow of sodium ions into the postsynaptic cell

A

excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

37
Q

they hyperpolarize the postsynaptic membrane and produce IPSP

A

GABA and glycine

38
Q

The most common inhibitory neurotransmitters in the nervous system are

A

γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine

39
Q

is used at the great majority of fast excitatory synapses in the brain and spinal cord

A

Glutamate

40
Q

Glutamatergic neurons are particularly prominent in the ___

A

cerebral cortex.

41
Q

EPSP-producing glutamate receptors (4)

A
  1. NMDA receptors (named for N-methyl-D-aspartate)
  2. AMPA receptors (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate)
  3. Kainate receptors
  4. Receptors which are activated by quisqualate
42
Q

very important for controlling developmental synaptic plasticity and learning and memory function

A

NMDA receptor

43
Q

The function of NMDA receptors is totally dependent upon ___

A

AMPA receptors

44
Q

Kainate receptors can be activated by ___ and __

A

kainite and glutamate

45
Q

the most ubiquitous inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

A

GABA

46
Q

It was the first amino acid to be established as a neurotransmitter in vertebrate and invertebrate nervous systems

A

GABA

47
Q

GABA exerts its effects via ___ and ___ receptors

A

ionotropic (GABAA)
metabotropic (GABAB)

48
Q

GABA A receptors are ___ channels that in response to GABA binding increases chloride influx
into the neuron

A

chloride

49
Q

The GABA B receptors are ___ channels that when activated by GABA leads to potassium efflux from the cell

A

potassium

50
Q

the simplest of amino acids, consisting of an amino group and a carboxyl (acidic) group attached to a carbon atom.

A

Glycine

51
Q

a potent neurotransmitter in the spinal cord and brain

A

Glycine

52
Q

Glycine is a constituent of ___, an antioxidant tripeptide found in high concentrations in intestinal
epithelial cells.

A

glutathione

53
Q

functions as an excitatory transmitter during embryonic development and is an essential coagonist at glutamatergic
synapses containing the NMDA subtype of glutamate receptors.

A

Glycine

54
Q

____ converts the amino acid serine to glycine

A

Hydroxymethyl transferase

55
Q

Glycine receptors are ligand-gated ___ that increase Cl− influx.

A

ion channels

56
Q

Glycine molecules may be taken back into the presynaptic cell by two high affinity glycine transporters

A

Glyt-1 and Glyt-2

57
Q

Glyt-1 is found primarily in __ cells, whereas Glty-2 is found primarily in ___ cells

A

glial
neuronal

58
Q

is a glycine antagonist which can bind to the glycine receptor without opening the
chloride ion channel

A

Strychnine

59
Q

is a strychnine-sensitive
glycoprotein which is composed of five subunit

A

GlyR

60
Q

are nonessential amino acids that do not cross the
blood-brain barrier and, therefore, are synthesized from glucose and a variety of
other precursors

A

Glutamate and aspartate

61
Q

The synthetic and metabolic enzymes for glutamate and aspartate
have been localized to the two main compartments of the brain

A

neurons and glial
cells

62
Q

the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS

A

Aspartate

63
Q

Unlike glycine, however, aspartate is an ___ neurotransmitter, which increases the likelihood of depolarization in the postsynaptic membrane

A

excitatory

PHYSIO LAB - MIDTERMS (6 decks)

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