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PHYSIO LAB - MIDTERMS > Physiological control of respiration > Flashcards

Physiological control of respiration Flashcards

1
Q

involves the inward and outward movement of air
into the lungs

A

Respiration

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2
Q

The rate of respiration regulates the partial pressures of ___ and ___ in the blood

A

oxygen (PaO2)
carbon dioxide (PaCO2)

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3
Q

___ from the brain are responsible for rhythmic discharge

A

Nerve impulses

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4
Q

This rhythmic discharges from the brain are regulated by changes in arterial __

A

PaO2, PaCO2 and hydrogen ion (H+)
concentration

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5
Q

Respiration is controlled through ___

A

neuronal feedback loops

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6
Q

These feedback loops are comprised of the
control centre, sensors, and effectors, namely:

A
  • Control centre:
  • respiratory nuclei in the cerebral cortex and brainstem.
  • Sensors:
  • mechanoreceptors
  • peripheral and central chemoreceptors.
  • Effectors:
  • muscles of respiration
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7
Q

The ___, ____, and ____ comprise the neural control of respiration

A

cerebral cortex, medulla and pons

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8
Q

responsible for
voluntary control of breathing

A

cerebral cortex

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9
Q

responsible for automatic breathing

A

medulla and pons

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10
Q

The nerve impulses arising from respiratory neurons in these areas regulate the activity of respiratory muscles, by activating motor neurons in the ___ and ___ spinal cord that eventually innervate respiratory muscles

A

cervical
thoracic

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11
Q

The physical changes in the lungs are then sensed by the ____ and central and peripheral ____ to further adjust the breathing

A

mechanoreceptors
chemoreceptors

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12
Q

The higher centre of the brain responsible for control of respiration is the ____

A

cerebral cortex

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13
Q

The ___ is responsible for initiating any voluntary muscular movement, including that responsible for respiration

A

primary motor cortex

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14
Q

Controlled exhalation is regulated from the ___ portion of the primary motor cortex

A

inferior

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15
Q

The ___ portion of the primary motor cortex is responsible for initiating the voluntary contraction and relaxation of the internal and external intercostal muscles

A

superior

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16
Q

Diaphragm control from the higher centre is also located within the ___ portion of the motor cortex

A

superior

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17
Q

The respiratory centre is comprised of four main anatomical areas, namely:

A

the dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
ventral respiratory group (VRG)
apneustic centre
pneumotaxic centre

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18
Q

area of brain responsible for the respiratory pattern generation and where coordination of various voluntary and involuntary demands on respiratory activity occurs.

A

medulla

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19
Q

The medullary respiratory centre is composed of two groups of neurons that are concentrated in two anatomical areas

A

inspiratory centre (dorsal respiratory group)

expiratory centre (ventral respiratory group)

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20
Q

The DRG is located next to the ___ near the
root of cranial nerve IX

A

nucleus tractus solitarius

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21
Q

the DRG has sensory afferents from peripheral
chemoreceptors via the ___ nerve and ___
nerve

A

glossopharyngeal
vagus

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22
Q

functions in both quiet or forced respiration and contains neurons that control lower motor neurons innervating the external intercostal muscles and the diaphragm

A

DRG

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23
Q

This group of neurons primarily control the timing of the respiratory cycle

A

DRG

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24
Q

Motor output is sent to the diaphragm from the DRG via the ___

A

phrenic nerve

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25
Q

a network of neurons located ventrally in the brain
stem extending from the spinal cord to the pons medulla junction

A

VRG

26
Q

The VRG expiratory centre is primarily responsible
for ___

A

expiration

27
Q

These neurons are primarily inactive during quiet
breathing because expiration is normally a passive process

A

VRG

28
Q

The VRG comprises the following respiratory neurons:

A
  • Caudal ventral respiratory group
  • Rostral ventral respiratory group
  • Pre-Bötzinger complex
  • Bötzinger complex
29
Q

responsible for the modification of rhythmic discharges from the medullary neurons

A

apneustic and the pneumotaxic centres

30
Q

They regulate the depth and rate of respiration in response to sensory stimuli or input from other centres in the brain

A

apneustic and the pneumotaxic centres

31
Q

The pneumotaxic centre located in the ____ interacts with the medullary respiratory centre (dorsal respiratory group) to reduce the depth of inspiration

A

upper pons

32
Q

An increase in __ output increases the rate of respiration by shortening the duration of each inhalation

A

pneumotaxic

33
Q

The apneustic centre is located in the __

A

lower part of the pons

34
Q

During forced breathing, the apneustic centres respond to sensory input from the ___ nerves regarding the amount of lung inflation

A

vagus

35
Q

There are two types of respiratory chemoreceptors, namely

A

peripheral, and
central chemoreceptors

36
Q

are the main influencer of respiration.

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors

37
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the ____ and ___

A

carotid (at the bifurcation of the carotid artery) and aortic bodies (on the aortic arch

38
Q

The afferent impulses from the carotid bodies are carried via the ___ nerve, whereas those from the aortic bodies are carried via the ___ nerve

A

glossopharyngeal
vagus

39
Q

he only chemoreceptors in the body that respond to hypoxaemia

A

aortic and carotid bodies

40
Q

stimulates both aortic and carotid bodies

A

High PaCO2

41
Q

the ___ are only responsible for 20% of the body’s response to hypercapnia

A

peripheral
chemoreceptors

42
Q

______ only stimulates the carotid
bodies.

A

Low pH

43
Q

Low blood pressure leads to ____of the carotid
and aortic bodies, subsequently increasing their neuronal output

A

hypoperfusion

44
Q

Central chemoreceptors are located in the ___, on the ventral surface, however, separate from the VRG

A

medulla

45
Q

They detect chemical changes in the medulla

A

Central chemoreceptors

46
Q

Central chemoreceptors are stimulated
by a drop in ___

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pH

47
Q

CO2 then reacts with water, catalysed by ____ enzyme to form carbonic acid (H2CO3)

A

carbonic anhydrase (CA)

48
Q

stimulate the respiratory centre through the
lung stretch receptors and muscle spindles

A

Mechanoreceptors

49
Q

The lung stretch receptors are located in the ____ and they are stimulated by overinflation of the lung

A

bronchial smooth muscle

50
Q

occurs when the steady lung inflation results in an increase in the duration of expiration

A

Hering–Breuer inflation reflex

51
Q

a decrease in the duration of expiration as a result of marked lung deflation is called the

A

Hering–Breuer deflation reflex

52
Q

During exercise there is a change in respiration and this change
is initiated by ___ activity

A

muscle spindle

53
Q

These receptors are located in the airway epithelium

A

Irritant receptors

54
Q

Irritant receptors cause ___ and stimulate ___as a protective mechanism in response to inhalation of noxious gases

A

bronchoconstriction
ventilation

55
Q

Chemicals such as ___ also stimulate Irritant receptors, thereby, activating rapidly adapting receptors in the trachea causing coughing, bronchoconstriction and secretion of mucus

A

histamine

56
Q

non-myelinated C-fibres in the alveolar walls and located in close proximity to pulmonary vessels

A

Juxtacapillary receptors (J-receptors)

57
Q

They are activated by hyperinflation of the lung, dyspnoea, bradycardia and hypotension

A

Juxtacapillary receptors (J-receptors)

58
Q

Intravenous or intracardiac administration of ___ also leads to the activation of J receptors, producing a reflex response termed pulmonary chemoreflex

A

capsaicin

59
Q

produced by receptors in the heart

A

Bezold–Jarisch reflex

60
Q

Ventilation is stimulated by activation of

A

pain recepors

61
Q

Ventilation is stimulated by an increase in ___

A

core temperature

62
Q

The fact that pain and emotional stimuli results in hyperventilation, suggests that afferents from the ___ and ___ send signals to the respiratory neurons in the brainstem

A

limbic system
hypothalamus

PHYSIO LAB - MIDTERMS (6 decks)

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