Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Gastroenterology > G9&10 > Flashcards

G9&10 Flashcards

(78 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Which organ secretes Cu?

A

Liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the consequence of a Cu excretion defect?

A

Secondary inflam

Fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

6 breeds prone to Cu storage hepatitis

A 
Bedlington terrier
Lab
Dalmatian
Doberman Pinscher
WHWT
Skye Terrier
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pattern of Cu distribution in primary Cu storage disease?

A

Centrilobular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Pattern of Cu distribution in Cu storage disease secondary to chronic hepatitis

A

Periportal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

A Bedlington Terrier has elevated ALT. What diagnostic test do you plan on doing and why?

A

Liver biopsy
Quantify Cu
Prone to Cu storage disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Discuss medical management of Cu storage disease

A

Zinc acetate or glauconate added to diet
Binds dietary Cu
Cu chelation if systemically ill or v high Cu levels

Later maintained on hepatic diet and zinc supplement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is vacuolar hepatopathy?

A

Glycogen accumulate in hepatocytes

Swelling and cholestasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What drug class can cause vacuolar hepatopathy?

A

Steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What breed of dog is prone to primary vacuolar hepatopathy

A

Scottish terriers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What diagnostic results point to vacuolar hepatopathy?

A

Elevated:

ALP
GGT
Bile acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In a case of vacuolar hepatopathy, what would ultrasound reveal?

A

Hepatomegaly

Hyperechoic liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is vacuolar hepatopathy diagnosed?

A

Presumptive based on; characteristic changes and absence of other changes on US
Cytology will show change.
Biopsy = Definitive diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Tx for vacuolar hepatopathy?

A

No treatment

Withdraw assaulting agent - e.g. steroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What causes hepatic lipidosis?

A

Anorexia —> -ve energy balance —> Peripheral fat to liver

Dietary deficiencies in; methionine, carnitine and taurine —> Inability to process fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the clinical signs of hepatic lipidosis?

A 
Jaundice
V+
D+
Hepatomegaly
Signs of hepatic encephalopathy
Underlying disease that led to anorexia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What blood and biochem results point to hepatic lipidosis? (Think about function)

A 
Elevated ALP, GGT, ALT
Increased bilirubin
Decreased urea
Hypokalaemia - poorer prognosis
Hypophosphataemia
Hypomagnesaemia
Prolonged PT/aPTT
Decreased Vit K recycling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What diagnostic test results (excluding bloods and biochem) point to hepatic lipidosis?

A

Rx and US - Hepatomegaly, hyperechoic liver

Cytology - Vacuolar change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How is hepatic lipidosis treated?

A 
Feeding - restore +Ve energy balance GRADUALLY
Feeding tube often needed
IVFT + electrolytes
Vit K - coag
Anti-oxidants —> Replace glutathione
Prognosis good
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

List examples of hepatic NPs

A 
Hepatoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Biliary carcinomas
Lymphoma
MCT
Haemangiosarcomas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is an important differential for NP of the liver?

A

Regenerative nodules

FNA to diagnose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe the 2 types of cholecystitis/cholangitis in cats

A

Neutrophilic - acute, ascending infection, E. coli

Lymphocytic - Chronic sequal to infection/immune mediated disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is triaditis and in which species is it most commonly seen?

A

Inflammation of the:
Liver
Intestines
Pancreas

Cats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the most important DDx for FIP in cats and why?

A

Lymphocytic cholangitis

Due to hyperglobulinaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What diagnostic results are associated with cholangitis?
Neutrophilic leukocytosis Liver enz elevation Bilirubin and bile acids sometimes elevated Bile cytology and culture - ± neutrophilic inflam, ±bac infection
26
What is abd US used to rule out in cholangitis?
Extrahepatic bile duct obstruction Mucocele- dog Choleliths - rare NP
27
Cholangitis Tx
AB based on C&S Empirical - potentiated amoxicillin Nutritional support - risk of hepatic lipidosis
28
What is extrahepatic bile duct obstruction?
Compression of bile duct - intra- or extraluminal
29
Potential causes of extrahepatic biliary obstruction
Triaditis - or any individual component Biliary NP Choleliths - rare
30
Blood work changes with extrahepatic biliary obstruction
Elevated cholestatic liver enzs Elevated bilirubin Abnormal coag panel - Decreased fat soluble Vit abs —> Vit K deficient
31
What changes might be visible on Rx or US in extrahepatic biliary obstruction
Dilation of gall bladder and bile duct
32
Extrahepatic bile duct obstruction Tx
Vit K supplementation Anti-cholelithic drugs Anti-oxidants Surgery avoided Prognosis guarded
33
What is a gallbladder mucocele
Mucoid concentrations in gall bladder | Lead to biliary obstruction
34
Gall bladder mucocele predisposing factors
Endocrinopathies | Some breeds - Shetland Sheepdog, Cocker Spaneil, Miniature Schnauzers
35
Mucocele Clin signs
``` Anorexia Lethargy V+ Jaundice Abd pain if bile peritonitis from rupture Often incidental diagnosis ```
36
Gallbladder mucocele - bloods
Elevated cholestatic enzs | Elevated bile acids
37
Gallbladder mucocele - US appearance
‘Kiwi’ shape
38
Gallbladder mucocele Tx
Surgery - cholecystectomy | Medical - Ursodeoxycholic acid, low fat diet, tx underlying endocrinopathies
39
What is a congenital PSS
Congenital vascular anomaly connecting portal circulation directly to systemic circ Intrahepatic or extrahepatic
40
Which type of PSS is more common in small breeds
Extrahepatic
41
Which type of PSS is more common in large breeds
Intrahepatic
42
What are the main presenting signs of PSS
Neurological GI Urinary General body condition - small, underweight
43
Congenital PSS - Discuss neurological signs
Hepatic encephalopathy Due to metabolic waste products building up Ammonia (NH3) - commonly assessed Depression, lethargy, circling, blindness, seizures
44
Congenital PSS - Discuss GI signs
V D Anorexia
45
Congenital PSS - Urinary signs
PUPD Urate crystals Cystoliths
46
Congenital PSS - Blood work
Microcytic, hypochromic anaemia Normal to mildly elevated liv enzs Bile acid stim test v sensitive for PSS —> Abnormal = Could be PSS, normal ≠ Not PSS
47
Congenital PSS - US
If seen = Shunt confirmed Not seen ≠ Not present
48
Congenital PSS - How is CT used to Dx
Angiography
49
Extrahepatic PSS - surgery
Attenuation of vessel
50
Intrahepatic PSS - Surgery
Transjugular coil embolisation
51
PSS surgery may not always be possible (animal/finance). Discuss PSS medical management
General aim to reduce ammonia production - reduce HE risk Hepatic diet Oral lactulose - reduces ammonia-producing bac and changes gut pH to prevent ammonia —> Ammonium (enters cells easily) ABs Anti-epileptics
52
What are the 3 features of a hepatic diet
Good quality, easily digested prot Low Cu High Zn
53
How can chronic liver disease lead to an acquired PSS?
Liver disease —> Fibrosis over time Portal hypertension —> Ascites Multiple PSSs form to alleviate hypertension Ascites resolves
54
Which region is common to find acquired PSSs?
R kidney region
55
Acquired PSS - Tx
Shunt closure NOT indicated - keeping animal alive | Medical management of underlying hepatic condition or more likely supportive measures
56
Acquired PSS - Medical management
Treat ascites - spironolactone Anti-oxidants Hepatic diet Treat HE Anti-fibrotics rarely used - side effects common
57
Which species is more prone to chronic hepatitis?
Dogs
58
Which species is more prone to suppurative cholangitis/cholangiohepatitis?
Cats
59
Which species is more prone to EHBDO? Why?
Cat Anatomical differences Follows severe inflam/infection/NP
60
Which species is more prone to hepatic lipidosis?
Only cats show clinical signs
61
Which species is more prone to PSS?
Dogs
62
What distinctive feature does a cat with a PSS have?
Cu coloured eyes
63
Leptospirosis infection has what effects?
Hepatitis | Acute/acute-on-chronic renal failure
64
Which species is more prone to leptospirosis?
Dogs Cats do not show clinical signs
65
When is leptospirosis more likely?
Autumn and Winter | In dogs in endemic areas
66
What are the 2 advantages of vaccination against leptospirosis?
``` Prevent infection (Not 100%) Less severe clinical signs if infected ```
67
What are the clinical signs of leptospirosis infection?
Acute or chronic Liver function effected Systemic infection Severe cases - pulmonary pathology and blood loss anaemia
68
What are the clinical signs of leptospirosis?
``` Acute hepatitis Hepatocellular destruction Jaundice Hyperbilirubinaemia Coagulopathy - prolonged PT/aPTT PUPD Reticulated interstitial lung or alveolar pattern - due to bleeding ```
69
How is leptospirosis definitively diagnosed?
PCR - urine >>> blood Serology - can be -ve in v acute infection Either
70
Why is it better to test for leptospirosis in urine over blood?
Leptospira not in blood for long | Urine more likely true +ve
71
Leptospirosis Tx
Immediate amoxicillin/potentiated amoxicillin - stops shedding by 24hrs First take urine and blood for PCR Full eradication in confirmed cases 2 weeks doxycycline
72
Why is it important to give immediate AB treatment even before PCR results confirm leptospirosis infection?
Zoonotic | Amoxicillin/potentiated amoxicillin stops shedding in 24 hrs
73
What is the prognosis with leptosirosis infection?
Variable Pulmonary involvement - Poor, may req artifical vent Acute kidney injury - Can recover, may req. haemodialysis
74
What is the prevalence of leptospirosis?
Becoming more common
75
Why are special measures in place when dealing with leptospirosis patients? What are these measures?
Zoonotic ``` Gloves and apron min Urine sample handled w/ gloves Aerosols avoided Airway protection if surgery Flu-like symptoms - see GP ```
76
In cats, what are the 2 most common infectious causes to rule out in hepatic parenchyma/biliary disease?
Toxoplasmosis (rarer in dogs) | Feline infectious hepatitis (FIP)
77
In infectious hepatobiliary disease of the cat, how is toxoplasmosis tested for?
Serology -ve result and acute signs, repeat 7-14 days after Rising titers = acute infection
78
Infectious hepatobilairy disease in cats - How is FIP tested for?
Ascites present - ‘wet form’ - PCR ascites fluid = +ve for coronavirus ‘Dry form’ - Liver biopsy to differentiate from cholangitis

Gastroenterology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions