GA: Muscles

Question 1

What are the borders of the posterior triangle of the neck?

Answer 1

Anterior: Sternocleidomastoid M.

Posterior: Trapezius M.

Inferior: Clavicle

Question 2

What are the 2 subtriangles of the posterior triangle?

Answer 2

1. Occipital Triangle (sup. to omohyoid M.)
2. Supraclavicular Triangle (inf. to omohyoid M.)

Question 3

What is found in the posterior triangle?

Answer 3

Levator Scapulae M.

Anterior, Middle, + Posterior Scalene M.

Inferior belly of Omohyoid M.

Splenius Capitus M.

Question 4

What is found in the occipital triangle?

Answer 4

External Jugular V.

Posterior branches of cervical plexus

Transverse cervical A.

Question 5

What is found in the supraclavicular triangle?

Answer 5

3rd part of subclavian A. + suprascapular A.

Question 6

What innervates the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

Answer 6

Spinal Accessory N. (also innervates trapezius)

Question 7

What is the action of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

Answer 7

Laterally flex neck + rotate face away

Question 8

What is congenital torticollis?

Answer 8

A disorder where a fibrous tissue tumor forms in the sternocleidomastoid muscle which causes the head to turn and the face to look away from the affected side.

A hematoma can arise and impinge on the spinal accessort nerve, which denervates the SCM.

Question 9

What is spasmatic torticollis?

Answer 9

Adult onset

Involves abnormal tonicity of the cervical muscles, usually the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.

Question 10

What is the innervation + action of anterior scalene m.?

Answer 10

Elevate 1st rib + laterally flex neck + rotate face away

C4-6

Question 11

What is the innervation + action of middle scalene m. ?

Answer 11

C3-8

Elevate 1st rib, laterally flex neck

Question 12

What is the innervation + action of posterior scalene m. ?

Answer 12

C5-7

elevate 2nd rib + laterally flex neck

Question 13

What are the borders of the anterior triangle of the neck?

Answer 13

Anterior: Median line of neck

Posterior: Anterior edge of SCM

Superior: Mandible

Question 14

What are the muscular contents of the anterior triangle?

Answer 14

Mylohyoid M., Geniohyoid M., Diagastric M., Stylohyoid M., Sternohyoid M., Sternothyroid M., Thryohyoid M., superior belly of omohyoid M.

Question 15

What are the two suprahyoid triangles of the anterior triangle?

Answer 15

1. Submental triangle (ant.)
2. Submandibular triangle (post.)

Separated by anterior belly of diagastric M.

Question 16

What is found in the submental triangle?

Answer 16

Submental A.

Submental L.N.’s

small veins

Question 17

What is found in the submandibular triangle?

Answer 17

Submandibular gland

Hypoglossal N.

Nerve to the mylohyoid M.

parts of the facial N.

Question 18

What are the 2 infrahyoid triangles of the anterior triangle?

Answer 18

1. Muscular triangle (ant.)
2. Carotid triangle (post.)

Separated via superior belly of omohyoid M.

Question 19

What are the contents of the carotid triangle?

Answer 19

Common carotid A.

Internal Jugular V.

Vagus N.

Hypoglossal N.

Spinal Accessory N.

Superior root of ansa cervicalis

thyroid gland

larynx

pharynx

braches of cervical plexus

Question 20

What are the contents of the muscular triangle?

Answer 20

Thyroid gland

Parathyroid glands

Question 21

I + A of mylohyoid M.

Answer 21

I: Mylohyoid N.

A: elevates hyoid bone + floor of mouth and tongue

Question 22

I of gleniohyoid M.

Answer 22

I: C1 via hypoglossal N.

Question 23

I of digastric M.

*is tendinous in middle*

Answer 23

Anterior belly –> mylohyoid N.

Posterior belly –> Facial N.

Question 24

Stylohyoid M. innervation?

Answer 24

Facial N.

Question 25

What are the 4 suprahyoid muscles? | (elevate hyoid)

Answer 25

1. myohyoid 2. geniohyoid 3. diagastric 4. stylohyoid

Question 26

What are the 4 infrahyoid muscles? | (depress hyoid)

Answer 26

1. Sternohyoid M. 2. Sternothyroid M. 3. Thryohyoid M. 4. Omohyoid M.

Question 27

What nerve innervates omohyoid, sternothyroid, and sternohyoid muscles?

Answer 27

Ansa cervicalis Omohyoid + sternohyoid --\> C1-3 sternothyroid --\> C2,C3

Question 28

What nerve innervates the thyrohyoid muscle?

Answer 28

C1 via hypoglossal N.

Question 29

What innervates the platysma?

Answer 29

Cervical branch of facial N.

Question 30

What 3 muscles constrict the pharyngeal wall?

Answer 30

1. Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor 2. Middle Pharyngeal Constrictor 3. Inferior Pharyngeal Constrictor

Question 31

What 3 muscles elevate the pharynx + larynx?

Answer 31

1. Palatopharyngeus M. 2. Salpingopharyngeus M. 3. Stylopharyngeus M.

Question 32

What nerve innervates the stylopharyngeus M.?

Answer 32

Glossopharyngeal N.

Question 33

A + I of cricothyroid M.

Answer 33

A: Stretch + tense vocal fold, "vocal cord" I: External Laryngeal N.

Question 34

All the laryngeal muscles, except the cricothyroid muscle, are innervated by what?

Answer 34

Recurrent Laryngeal N.

Question 35

What laryngeal muscles close the intercartilaginous portion of the rima glottidis?

Answer 35

Transverse Arytenoid M. Oblique Arytenoid M. Vocalis --\> relaxes posterior cord + tenses anterior cord

Question 36

What muscles make up the anterior vertebral column?

Answer 36

Longus Colli M. --\> C2-6 Longus Capitis M. --\> C1-3 Rectus Capitis Anterior + Laterallis --\> C1-2

Question 37

What is Zone 1 of penetrating neck trauma?

Answer 37

Root of neck Structures @ risk = cervical pleurae, apices of lungs, thyroid + parathyroid glands, trachea, esophagus, common carotid A., Jugular V., Cervical vertebrae

Question 38

What is zone 2 of penetrating neck trauma? \*most dangerous,more common, but easiest to fix\*

Answer 38

From cricoid cartilage to the angle of mandible. Structures at risk: Laryngeal cartilages, larynx, laryngopharynx, carotid A., Jugular V., esophagus, cervical vertebrae

Question 39

What is zone 3 of penetrating neck trauma?

Answer 39

From angle of the mandible --\> superiorly Structures @ risk: Salivary glands, oral + nasal cavities, oro-nasopharynx

Question 40

Answer 40

Injuries to zone 1 + 3 are less common and harder to access, thus harder to repair.