Gait

Question 1

What happens when you are standing

Answer 1

Maximal contact of articular surfaces + minimum muscular activity

Hips and knees extended
- Stable and held mainly by ligaments
- Knees are locked by vastus medialis and gluteus maximus and tensor fascia lata via iliotibial tract

Contraction of calf muscles, intrinsic back muscles and hip abductors to prevent sway

Proprioception

Question 2

What locks the knees

Answer 2

Knees are locked by vastus medialis and gluteus maximus and tensor fascia lata via iliotibial tract

Question 3

What is proprioception

Answer 3

The sense though which we perceive the position and movement of our body, including our sense of equilibrium and balance

Question 4

Stance phase

Answer 4

60% of gait cycle

Question 5

Swing phase

Answer 5

40% of gait cycle

Question 6

Terminal stance

Answer 6

Start of push off

Heel is off the ground

The Left Lower Limb (LL) is about to take the body weight - atm it is in swing phase

Momentum must be created by drawing the body forwards over the ankle

Forefoot starts to push off

Start with ankle and foot

Question 7

What movements are involved in terminal stance

Answer 7

The toes of the right foot are dorsiflexed

Right ankle is plantar flexed by triceps surae (gastrocnemius, soleus)

Fibrous flexor sheaths are pulled

Left foot is off the ground (pelvis is stabilised)
* gluteus medius and minimus
* hip abductors

The plantar aponeurosis is pulled and draws the calcaneus anteriorly and heighten the arch

Check powerpoint slide

Question 8

What maintains the arch in the terminal stance

Answer 8

Question 9

Preswing

Answer 9

The Right Lower Limb is about to push-off and enter the Swing Phase

Question 10

What is the movement of the right ankle in pressing and what muscles facilitate this

Answer 10

Plantarflexion
Powerful Push-off

Gastrocnemius
Soleus
(Tibialis Posterior)

Question 11

What nerve innervates Gastrocnemius, Soleus and Tibialis Posterior

Answer 11

Tibial nerve

Question 12

What movement is the left ankle making in preswing and what muscles facilitate this

Answer 12

Dorsiflexion

Tibialis Anterior
Extensor Digitorum Longus
Extensor Hallucis Longus

Question 13

What nerve innervates Tibialis Anterior, Extensor Digitorum Longus and Extensor Hallucis Longus

Answer 13

Deep fibular nerve

Question 14

What is the movement of the right toes in preswing and what muscles facilitate this

Answer 14

Plantarflexion
Powerful Push-off

Flexor Hallucis Longus
Flexor Digitorum Longus
Flexor Hallucis Brevis
Flexor Digitorum Brevis
Quadratus plantae

Question 15

What nerve innervates flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis brevis and flexor digitorum brevis

Answer 15

Tibial nerve
Medial Plantar Branch of Tibial

Question 16

What is the movement of the right hip in pre swing and what muscle facilitates this

Answer 16

Extends slightly to help forward momentum

Biceps femoris (long and short head)
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Gluteus maximus

Question 17

What nerve innervates the hamstrings

Answer 17

Sciatic nerve
Inferior gluteal nerve

Question 18

Initial and mid-swing

Answer 18

Right LL enters initial -> Mid Swing, while the Left LL takes all the body weight

Right LL is lifted up, and the toes must clear the ground

Question 19

What is the movement of the right ankle and toes in initial and mid-swing and what muscle facilitates this

Answer 19

Dorsiflexion

Tibialis Anterior
Extensor Digitorum Longus
Extensor Hallucis Longus

Question 20

What is the movement of the right knee in initial and mid-swing and what muscle facilitates this

Answer 20

Flexion

Hamstrings
(Popliteus)
Gastrocnemius, sartorius

Question 21

What nerve innervates popliteus

Answer 21

Tibial nerve

Question 22

What is the movement of the right hip in initial and mid-swing and what muscles facilitate this

Answer 22

Flexion

Iliopsoas
Rectus Femoris
Sartorius

Question 23

What nerve innervates iliopsoas and rectus femoris

Answer 23

Femoral nerve (Iliacus and rectus femoris)
L1, 2, 3 (Psoas)

Question 24

Foot drop

Answer 24

weakness of muscles in the feet and ankles that causes difficulty with the ability to flex the ankles and walk normally

Question 25

Foot drop is associated with kind of nerve injury?

Answer 25

L5 radiculopathy and traumatic damage to the common peroneal nerve

Question 26

Which muscles are involved in weight bearing in the hip during Mid Swing

Answer 26

Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus

Question 27

What nerves innervate quadriceps femoris, gluteus maximus and tensor fascia lata

Answer 27

Femoral nerve Inferior gluteal nerve Superior gluteal nerve

Question 28

Weight-bearing (left) arches are maintained actively by

Answer 28

Flexor digitorum longus Tibialis anterior Tibialis posterior Fibularis longus Intrinsic muscles of the foot

Question 29

Balance is maintained by interplay between

Answer 29

Plantarflexion (plantar muscles as well) Dorsiflexion Inversion (tibialis anterior and posterior) Eversion (fibularis longus and brevis)

Question 30

Terminal swing

Answer 30

Right LL is thrown further forward The right side of the pelvis moves anteriorly too, using momentum to internally rotate at the left hip

Question 31

What movements are the right hip involved in in terminal swing and what muscles facilitate this

Answer 31

Further Flexion Lateral Rotation to keep the foot pointing forwards Lateral Rotators of the Hip

Question 32

What nerve roots innervate lateral rotators of the hip

Answer 32

L5, S1, 2

Question 33

Heel strike

Answer 33

Flexion of thigh creates a momentum The right thigh decelerates and drops the Right LL and heel to the ground, the foot remains dorsiflexed The spring and resilience of the right arches must continually be maintained for shock absorption and weight distribution

Question 34

What position is the right ankle in in heel strike

Answer 34

The Right Ankle is dorsiflexed and that dorsiflexion is also pulling the body forwards, over the right foot so that it can accept the body weight in the Loading Response Phase

Question 35

Loading response (foot flat)

Answer 35

Foot roolls on heel - from lateral to medial Foot starts to go flat and accepts the weight Arches absorb weight point when the entire plantar surface of the foot comes in contact with the ground

Question 36

What muscles are involved in inversion of the foot

Answer 36

Tibialis anterior Tibialis posterior

Question 37

What muscles are involved in eversion of the foot

Answer 37

Fibularis longus Fibularis brevis

Question 38

What happens when walking on uneven ground? | Loading response (flat foot)

Answer 38

Question 39

What happens in midstance

Answer 39

Question 40

What happens in anterior and lateral sway

Answer 40