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MD2002 - ESA > Gait > Flashcards

Gait Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the contact of surfaces and muscular activity during standing?

A

Maximal contact of articular surfaces
Minimum muscular activity

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2
Q

What happens to the hip and knees during a relaxed standing position?

A

They extend, stable and held daily by ligaments

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3
Q

What are the knees locked by during standing?

A

Vastus medialis: A quadriceps muscle that helps stabilize the patella and extend the knee.

Gluteus maximus and tensor fascia lata via iliotibial tract

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4
Q

What muscles contract during standing and why?

A
  • Calf muscles
  • Intrinsic back muscles
  • Hip abductors

To prevent swaying

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5
Q

Define proprioception

A

The sense through which we perceive the position and movement of our body, including our sense of equilibrium and balance

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6
Q

What happens during anterior sway?

A
  • Centre of gravity is anterior to Ankle joint
  • Regular small contractions of Soleus and Gastrocnemius to prevent falling forward
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7
Q

What happens during lateral sway?

A
  • Lateral splay of the feet helps improve balance.
  • Hip abductors subtly contract
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8
Q

What is involved on one side during lateral sway?

A
  • Fibular collateral ligament
  • Everters
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9
Q

What is involved on the contralateral side during lateral sway?

A
  • Hip adductors
  • Tibial collateral ligament
  • Inverters
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10
Q

What happens during heel strike?

A
  1. Flexion of thigh creates a momentum
  2. The right thigh decelerates and drops the Right LL and heel to the ground, the foot remains dorsiflexed
  3. The spring and resilience of the right arches must continually be maintained for shock absorption and weight distribution
  4. The Right Ankle is dorsiflexed and that dorsiflexion is also pulling the body forwards, over the right foot so that it can accept the body weight in the Loading Response Phase
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11
Q

What happens during loading response?

A
  1. Foot rolls on heel – from lateral to medial
  2. Foot starts to go flat and accepts the weight
  3. Arches absorb weight
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12
Q

What joints are involved when walking on uneven ground?

A
  • Subtalar and transverse tarsal joints
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13
Q

What are the joint movements during loading response?

A
  • Inversion
  • Eversion
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14
Q

What muscles are involved during inversion?

A
  • Tibialis anterior
  • Tibialis posterior
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15
Q

What nerves are involved during inversion?

A
  • Deep fibular nerve
  • Tibial nerve
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16
Q

What nerves are involved during eversion?

A
  • Superficial fibular nerve
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17
Q

What muscles are involved during eversion?

A
  • Fibularis longus
  • Fibularis brevis
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18
Q

Wha is mid stance?

A

One limb carries the entire body weight while the other is lifted

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19
Q

What happens during mid stance?

A

Eccentric contraction of Plantar flexors –controls dorsiflexion
Hip abductors stabilise pelvise

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20
Q

What abductor muscles are involved during mid stance?

A
  • Gluteus medius
  • Gulteus minimus
21
Q

What nerve is involved during abduction during mid stance?

A

Superior gluteal nerve

22
Q

Describe terminal stance

A
  1. Start of push off
  2. Heel is off the ground
  3. Foot rocks on forefoot
  4. Momentum must be created by drawing the body forwards over the ankle
  5. Forefoot starts to push off
23
Q

What muscles are involved during plantar flexion of the right ankle?

A
  • Gastrocnemius
  • Soleus
  • Triceps surae
24
Q

What muscles are involved during pelvis stabilisation?

A

Gluteus medius and minimus

25
What happens to the arches during terminal stance?
Arches are heightened
26
What heightens the arches in the terminal stance?
flexor hallucis/digitorum longus tibialis anterior tibialis posterior fibularis longus the intrinsic muscles of the foot
27
What happens to the right ankle during pre swing?
- Plantarflexion - Powerful push off
28
What muscles are involved in the plantar flexion of the right ankle during pre swing?
- Gastrocnemius - Soleus - Tibialis Posterior
29
What nerve is involved in the plantar flexion of the right ankle during pre swing?
Tibial nerve
30
What do the right toes do during pre swing?
- Flexion - Powerful push off
31
What muscles are involved in flexion of the right toes during pre swing?
- Flexor hallucis longus - Flexor digitorum longus - Flexor hallucis brevis - Flexor digitorum brevis - Quadratus plantae
32
What nerves are involved in the flexion of the right toes during pre swing?
- Tibial nerve - Medial Plantar Branch of tibial
33
What does the right hip do during pre swing?
Extends slightly to help forward momentum
34
What muscles extend the right hip during pre swing?
- Biceps femoris - Semitendinosus - Semimembranosus - Gluteus maximusw
35
What nerve is involved in the extension of the right hip during pre swing?
- Sciatic nerve - Inferior gluteal nerve
36
What happens during initial and mid swing?
Right LL enters initial  Mid Swing, while the Left LL takes all the body weight Right LL is lifted up, and the toes must clear the ground
37
What muscles are involved in the right hip during initial and mid swing?
- Iliopsoas - Rectus femoris - Sartorius
38
What nerves are involved in the right hip flexion during initial and mid swing?
- Femoral nerve - L1-3
39
What muscles are involved in the flexion right knee during initial and mid swing?
- Hamstrings - Gastrocnemius - Sartorius
40
What nerves are involved in flexion of the right knee during initial and mid swing?
- Sciatic nerve - Tibial nerve
41
What movement does the right ankle and toes do during initial and mid swing?
Dorsiflexion
42
What muscles are involved in the dorsiflexion of the foot during initial and mid swing?
- Tibialis Anterior - Extensor Digitorum Longus - Extensor hallucis Longus
43
What nerve is involved in the dorsiflexion of the ankle and toes during initial and mid swing?
Deep fibular nerve
44
How is weight beared during mid swing?
- Pelvis must be kept. level - Must contact contralateral abductors
45
What happens during terminal swing?
- Right Lower limb is thrown further forward - The right side of the pelvis moves anteriorly, using momentum to internally rotate at the left hip
46
What does the right hip do during terminal swing?
Further Flexion Lateral Rotation to keep the foot pointing forwards
47
What muscles are involved in terminal swing
Lateral rotators of the hip
48
What spinal segments are involved in terminal swing?
L5-S1-2

MD2002 - ESA (39 decks)

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