GAIT

Question 1

normal walking requires what 3 things?

Answer 1

LOCOMOTION- initiation & termination of movement
POSTURAL CONTROL- ground clearance, balance
ADAPTATION- change in speed & direction

Question 2

what are the types of energy in movement?

Answer 2

kinetic, potential(building up) , heat

Question 3

when is potential energy the highest?

Answer 3

mid stance

Question 4

when is kinetic energy the highest?

Answer 4

heel contact

Question 5

what is the central pattern generator?

Answer 5

group of neurons in SC that guide rhythm in isolation

Question 6

what does the cerebellum do in relation to walking?

Answer 6

smoothes and coordinates movement, error detection

Question 7

what does the SC do in relation to walking?

Answer 7

controls rhythm, supports weight

Question 8

what does the motor cortex do in relation to walking?

Answer 8

planned and skilled gait

Question 9

what does the brainstem (pons, medulla) do in relation to walking?

Answer 9

EQ balance, initiation of movement

Question 10

what % is stance phase?

Answer 10

60%

Question 11

what % is swing phase?

Answer 11

40%

Question 12

what is the highest point of the gait cycle?

Answer 12

mid stance

Question 13

which muscles are active during heel contact?

Answer 13

Eccentrically= dorsiflexors
concentrically= glutes, hamstrings, hip flexors

Question 14

does 2 steps equal 1 stride?

Answer 14

YUP

Question 15

plantar flex (soleus gastroc) perform what action during mid stance?

Answer 15

eccentric contraction

Question 16

is terminal stance the lowest amount of energy?

Answer 16

yes and the height is at its lowest

Question 17

during terminal swing the hamstrings are eccentrically active to prevent what?

Answer 17

hyperextension of the knee

Question 18

during terminal swing the glutes are active why?

Answer 18

to slow hip swing

Question 19

quads become active during terminal swing why?

Answer 19

anticipation of weight acceptance (heel contact)

Question 20

flexion occurs at all joints during stance phase of stair walking. true or false

Answer 20

true

Question 21

extension of all joints occurring during swing phase of stair walking. true or false

Answer 21

true

Question 22

describe Trendelenberg gait

Answer 22

glute med & min weakness

in single leg stance, the opp hip drops

Question 23

describe antalgic gait

Answer 23

longer stance phase on the NON AFFECTED limb (shorter on non affected)

Question 24

what is circumduction?

Answer 24

movement pattern known as a combo of hip ABDUCTION and flexion to clear foot during gait

Question 25

what is vaulting ?

Answer 25

when the affected leg is in swing phase, the supporting leg goes up on toes

Question 26

describe trunk lean:

Answer 26

forward lean to move C of M over B of S for stability contralateral side lean to allow clearance of swing leg backward lean to move COFM behind BOFS for advancement of swing leg

Question 27

what is whole training?

Answer 27

walking with assistance

Question 28

what is part training?

Answer 28

breaking the walking cycle into parts (weight transfer, stepping back and forth)

Question 29

what are the 3 posterior deep leg muscles and which nerve supplies them

Answer 29

tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus tibial nerve

Question 30

what nerve supplies the peroneus longus and brevis

Answer 30

superficial peroneal

Question 31

what are the 3 anterior lower leg muscles and what nerve

Answer 31

tib.ant, extensor digitorum longus, extensor halluces longus | deep peroneal

Question 32

what nerve supplies the quads?

Answer 32

femoral

Question 33

what nerve supplies the hamstrings?

Answer 33

sciatic

Question 34

what 2 nerves does the sciatic split into

Answer 34

tibial and common peroneal

Question 35

which 2 superficial posterior leg muscles are innervated by the tibial nerve

Answer 35

gastrocnemius and soleus | plantar flexors

Question 36

what actions do the peroneals do

Answer 36

evert and PF

Question 37

what is happening in heel contact(double support)

Answer 37

eccentric contraction - dorsiflexors concentric- glut max, hamstrings, quads knee in slight flexion

Question 38

mid stance: (single support)

Answer 38

highest point of height and potential energy concentric= glut med & min (prevent collapse in frontal plane) eccentric= planter flexors knee near full extension decreasing requirement of quads

Question 39

terminal stance: Double support

Answer 39

concentric= glut max, planter flexors

Question 40

which 3 stages are involved in stance phase?

Answer 40

heel contact, mid swing, terminal stance

Question 41

which 3 are involved with swing phase ? (tib ant always active)

Answer 41

initial swing, mid swing, terminal swing

Question 42

initial swing:

Answer 42

concentric- hip flexors

Question 43

mid swing

Answer 43

concentric- dorsiflexors

Question 44

terminal swing

Answer 44

isotonic contraction of quads | eccentric= glutes, hamstrings

Question 45

if the left hip is affected due to weak hip abductors would you use a cane on the opposite side

Answer 45

yes

Question 46

what is a contractor

Answer 46

tissues stuck in a short position