Gait and Posture

Question 1

First class lever

Answer 1

fulcrum between effort and resistance - seesaw
In body: head/neck

Question 2

Second class lever

Answer 2

effort proximal, resistance middle, fulcrum distal - wheelbarrow
In body: calf raise

Question 3

Third class lever

Answer 3

fulcrum proximal, effort middle, resistance distal - shovel
In body: bicep curl (most common type in body)

Question 4

Ideal posture

Answer 4

aligned with gravitational force, at equilibrium (less musclular force), low stress on joints (better performance and less pathologies)

Question 5

How to assess posture

Answer 5

strength and flexibility of key muscle groups
NWB alighment of rearfoot, forefoot, arch, toes, leg length
joint angles (valgus, varus, recurvatum) - changes in NWB, WB

Question 6

spinal kyphosis/lordosis (normal)

Answer 6

C - lordotic
T - kyphotic
L - lordotic
S - kyphotic

Question 7

kypholordotic abnormality

Answer 7

exaggerated curvatures at T/L spines
anterior pelvic tilt, knee joint hyperextension

Question 8

flat back abnormality

Answer 8

lack of lumbar lordosis
posterior pelvic tilt

Question 9

swayback abnormality

Answer 9

long T kyphosis, flat L spine, c spine extended

Question 10

forward shoulder abnormality

Answer 10

scapulae protracted, pectoral tightness

Question 11

forward head abnormality

Answer 11

weakened c flexors, tight c extensors

Question 12

3 sections of gait

Answer 12

1. weight acceptance - double support
2. single limb support
3. swing limb advancement

Question 13

what gait phases are a part of weight acceptance and the goal

Answer 13

initial contact, loading response
Goal: stability, shock absorption, forward projection

Question 14

what gait phases are a part of single limb support and the goal

Answer 14

mid stance, terminal stance, preswing
Goal: maintain stability, progress forward

Question 15

what gait phases are a part of swing limb advancement and the goal

Answer 15

initial swing, mid swing, terminal swing
Goal: clear foot, advance limb

Question 16

initial contact start/end, goals, hip, knee, ankle, subtalar joint

Answer 16

start/end: moment of foot contact
Goals: heel first contact
Hip: hip flexes and externally rotates (controlled by extensors eccentric isometric)
Knee: nothing (controlled by quads eccentric isometric)
Ankle: nothing (controlled by dorsiflexors eccentric isometric)
Subtalar joint: neutral/ slight supination

Question 17

loading response start/end, goals, hip, knee, ankle, subtalar joint

Answer 17

Start/end: moment of contact to opposite foot lifts off
Goals: shock absorption, get foot flat on ground
Hip: hip flexes (controlled by extensors and abductors eccentrically)
Knee: knee flexes (controlled by quads eccentrically)
Ankle: plantar flexes (controlled by dorsiflexors eccentrically)
Subtalar joint: pronating (controlled by tib ant/ post FHL, FDL eccentrically)

Question 18

mid stance start/end, goals, hip, knee, ankle, subtalar joint

Answer 18

Start/end: end of double support to body over and ahead of supporting leg
Goals: foot flat to heel off
Hip: flexes (controlled by hip extensors eccentrically)
Knee: nothing (controlled by quads initially concentrically)
Ankle: dorsiflexes (controlled by dorsiflexors concentrically)
Subtalar joint: beginning to supinate

Question 19

terminal stance start/end, goals, hip, knee, ankle, subtalar joint

Answer 19

start/end: heel off to inital contact of opposite leg
Goals: ankle locked in dorsiflexion (spring loaded), body progressing forward
Hip: extends
knee: nothing (controlled by hamstrings)
Ankle: dorsiflexes (controlled by DF isometrically, PF eccentrically)
Subtalar joint: supinated

Question 20

Pre swing (other leg in loading response) start/end, goals, hip, knee, ankle, subtalar joint

Answer 20

Start/end: opposite leg makes inital contact to toe off (double support)
Goals: heel off to toe off, rapid passive knee flex
Hip: extends (controlled by iliopsoas)
Knee: flexes (controlled by hamstrings)
Ankle: DF to PF (controlled by PF concentrically)
Subtalar joint: neutral

Question 21

Inital swing start/end, goals, hip, knee, ankle

Answer 21

Start/end: toe off to max knee flex
Goals: hip/knee flex to help foot clear ground
Hip: flexes (controlled by hip flexors concentrically)
Knee: flexes (controlled by knee flexors concentrically)
Ankle: PF (controlled by dorsiflexors)

Question 22

Midswing start/end, goals, hip, knee, ankle

Answer 22

Start/end: max knee flex to tibia vertical
Goals: foot clears ground, thigh continues to advance
Hip: fleses (controlled by flexors first, then hamstrings concentrically)
Knee: flexes (controlled by quads concentrically)
Ankle: dorsiflexes (controlled by DF concentrically)

Question 23

terminal swing start/end, goals, hip, knee, ankle

Answer 23

start/end: tibia vertical to initial contact
Goals: leg reaches to increase step length, knee extends to neutral
Hip: flexes (controlled by extensors eccentrically)
Knee: extends (controlled by quads eccentrically)
Ankle: nothing (controlled by DF eccentrically)