Gait Observation Flashcards by Talia Holze

Locomotion is the ability to move from one place to another by generating a complex sequence of muscle activations that are _______, ______ and _______

stereotypical, repetitive and adaptable

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What are the three essential requirements of locomotion?

Coordinated muscle activity

Maintain posture

Adaptable to environment and task

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where is movement initiated

cerebral cortex

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how many components form the functional basis for gait?

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Movement is in a response to what?

external forces

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A complex series of joint rotations that creates a smoth forward progression of COM is what?

gait

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one gait cycle is from what to what?

R IC to R IC

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what % of the gait cycle is double limb support?

20%

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What two periods constitute the 20% of double limb support in the gait cycle

loading response: 0-10%

pre-swing: 50-60%

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COM moves how much vertically?

horizontally?

5cm vertically

4cm horizontally

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What would walking without knee flexion due to vertical displacement?

double it

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runners with hip pain generally have a narrow or wide BOS?

narrow, their COM doesn’t move much

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TSP stands for what?

temporal and spatial

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Pros of TSP

Easy quantifiable

Qualitative screen

Functional outcome

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Normal stride length in cm

144

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Stride vs. step

stride: ipsilateral to ipsilateral

Step: ipsilateral to contralateral

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Step width definition and normal distance in cm

lateral distance btwn heel centers

8-10cm

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Normal foot angle

5-7 degrees or seeing lateral three toes

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If someone has femoral anteversion, what would you expect to see at their foot angle?

Smaller foot angle due to IR hip

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If someone has femoral retroversion, what would you expect to see at their foot angle?

Larger foot angle due to ER hip

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Cadence definition

number of steps per minute/step rate

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What % of the gait cycle is stance and what % is swing

60% stance

40% swing

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How do you get how much time was spent in stance?

take a stride time (the correct way) and then we know that stance time is 60% of the gait cycle so multiply it by .60

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how to get step time

take stride time (correct way) and split it in half

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Normative times for the following descriptors of gait Distance in m/min: Cadence in step/sec and steps/min Stride time Step time

Distance: 80 m/min Cadence: 1.87 steps/sec or 110 steps/min Stride time: 1.1 sec Step time: .55 sec

What do the objective measures of gait generally lack

quality of pattern

what are the two ways that humans increase walking speed

1) increase rate/cadence | 2) increase step length

Critical component of IC (0%)

neutral ankle

Critical component of loading response (0-10%)

PF 10 degrees Knee flexion 15 degrees

Critical component of midstance (10-30%)

Tibial advancement in sagittal plane hip and pelvic control in frontal plane

Critical component of terminal stance (30-50%)

Heel rise Ankle locked at 10% DF Forward progression over foot

Critical component of pre-swing (50-60)

40 degrees of knee flexion

Critical component of initial swing 60-73%)

60 degrees of knee flexion 15 degrees of hip flexion

When is hip extension part of a critical component?

NEVER

Critical component of mid swing (73-87%)

25 degrees of hip flexion ankle DF to 0 foot 1 cm off floor

Critical component of terminal swing (87-100%

30 degrees of hip flexion 15 degrees of knee extension

How many total degrees of motion in the sagittal plane does the ankle require?

30 degrees 10 degrees of DF at midstance 20 degrees of PF at toe off

In what part of the gait cycle does the 30 degrees of sagittal motion you need at the ankle come from

10 degrees DF in midstance 20 degrees of PF in toe off at pre-swing (10 degrees of PF at loading for foot flat)

pattern of joint motion of the ankle in the sagittal plane

rapid PF, DF during forward propulsion all the way through the heel rising at the end of terminal stance (50%) where then it PF again for push off

Requirement of knee motion in the sagittal plane

60 degrees of knee flexion

Where does the 0-60 degrees of knee flexion needed come in the gait cycle

0-5 degrees: IC 60 degrees: swing phase

What does the graph of the knee joint motion look like?

double bump pattern

Requirement of hip motion in the sagittal plane

40-45

Where does the 40-45 degrees of hip motion in the sagittal plane come in the gait cycle

10 degrees of hip extension at terminal stance 30-35 degrees of hip flexion at initial contact

What is the trend of joint motion look like for the hip in the sagittal plane

starts in flexion rapidly moves to extension and then to flexion again

How much motion is required of the pelvis in the sagittal plane? and how do we name this?

APT and PPT 6-8 degrees 2-4 degrees of pelvic tilt in each direction

If someone has weak hip extensors what will you see at their pelvis ?

extreme anterior tilt in order to shift trunk back and the GRF goes behind the hips and you don't need your hip extensors

Describe the pattern of joint motion of the ankle in the frontal plane

starts in inversion --> rapidly everts through stance --> inverts again to push off

How is the GRF working on our foot after IC

pushing it into eversion

How much eversion (in degrees) occurs from heel contact through loading response

2-6 degrees

What phase of gait does the foot begin to invert? and how many degrees?

terminal stance 4-8 degrees of inversion

There are a few degrees of what motion in the fronal plane at the knee during swing phase of gait

ABD motion/valgus internal force ADD/varus EXTERNAL force

How much frontal plane motion at the knee during stance

not much!

How do you talk about pelvic obliquity in the frontal plane?

hike and drop

What position is the pelvis in at initial contact in degrees?

neutral

During the loading response how many degrees of contralateral pelvic drop occur?

2-6 degrees

What motion does the contralateral hip do in the frontal plane during loading response?

Drop

What degrees of hike or drop is the pelvis in in the frontal plane during the stance phase (except for loading response)

neutral

At what point in the gait cycle can we say that the pelvis has hiked in the frontal plane

pre-swing through initial swing

Where is the pelvis in the frontal plane during midstance

neutral!!!!! it doesn't hike until preswing yes the ABD work concentrically to get it back to neutral in midstance!! but it doesn't actually hike until pre-swing and initial swing

pelvis vs. hip in the frontal plane

pelvis: hike and drop hip: ABD and ADD

How many degrees of motion does the hip have in the frontal plane?

10-15 degrees

How much hip ADD occurs from IC to leading response?

5 degrees

5 degrees of hip ABD or ADD jt. motion occur from IC to loading response?

hip ADD

Hip joint ADD occurs in response to what?

Hip jt. ADD occurs in response to contralateral pelvic drop

Pattern of hip in the frontal plane

ADD --> ABD

from mid stance to pre-swing where is the hip in the frontal plane

neutral

from pre-swing to initial swing what location is our pelvis in in the frontal plane? Why?

ABD Because the pelvis is in hike therefore relatively our hip is in jt ABD

What phase of gait is our hip in ABD in the frontal plane?

pre-swing and initial swing

At which point in the gait do the pelvis and hips change from drop and ADD to hike and ABD

pre-swing and initial swing

Transverse plane big point

its hard to analyze for all joints

What planes does foot motion generally occur in?

frontal and sagittal

what two planes of motion atthe knee are highly variable

frontal and transverse

When you make IC what position is your hip joint in the transverse plane

As you transfer your weight over your leg, what position is your hip jt in in the transsverse plane?

During wing, what postiion is the hip jt in in the transverse plane? What does this effect down the chain?

moves into ER again which allows us to IC on the lateral aspect of our foot/inversion. and leads to being able to immediately evert.

What is the internal kinematic pattern of tibia, femur and pelvis during stance phase driven by?

motion of the pelvis in the frontal plane

Shoulder girdles rotate in the ______direction as the pelvis

opposite

R pelvis is forward _____ shoulders are back

trunk is maintained in what during gait

slight flexion

what is the amount of rotation/bend you see at the trunk in the frontal plane

<5 degrees IT SHOULD BE SMALL. if its not small then thy're trunk to chnge the location of the GRF vecotr in relation to their hip joint to dictate the demand of their hip ABD

What plane does the greatest amount of trunk motion occur in how many degrees?

transverse plane 7-9 degrees

Arms should do what during gait

swing

hip extension ipsilateral shoulder ______

hip extension, ipsilateral shoulder FLEXION

Arms play into what motion during gait

trunk rotation

Gait Observation Flashcards

(85 cards)