Gametes

Question 1

Gametogenesis meiosis or mitosis

Answer 1

Meiosis

Haploid cells w/ new gene combo.,

Question 2

Basic gametes for male/female

Answer 2

Male 
-sperm
-w/in testes
-ongoing meiosis recombo. 
Female 
-oocyte/ova 
-ovary 
-arrest @ b4 birth

Question 3

testes housed in

Answer 3

Scrotum

Question 4

Testicular layers

Answer 4

Tunica Albuginea
Tunica vasculosa
Tunica propria
Interstial

Question 5

Tunica Albuginea

Answer 5

Dense CT

Surround seminiferous lobules

Question 6

Tunica Vasculosa

Answer 6

b/w T. albuginea and Serm. tubules

@ times hard to see

Question 7

Tunica Propria

Answer 7

Surround each sem. Tubules 
Collagen layers and Myoid cells 
-NOT fibroblast 
Contraction
-peristaltic waves=moving spermatozoe/testicular fluid out of seminferous tubules

Question 8

Myoid cells

Answer 8

peritubular contractile cells
Sm. muscle
Incre. RER for collagen prod.

Question 9

Leiydig cells

Answer 9

Hormo. production inerstitial cell
+ in early fetal develop
Inhib. until puberty
Respond to pit. hormon. Gonade Tropin horm.
Hist.
-light stain b/c incre. SER of cholester. horm. product.
:IE testosteron

Question 10

Spermatogensis Overview

Answer 10

W/in=seminiferous tubules 
-w/in sertoli cells 
Occurs in waves 
-not every section of tubule is the same 
  :dif. stg. of meoisis/tubule section are difi. 
Mice=segmental not patches
Basal=mitosis w/ additional gametes 
Meosis=haploid gamete

Question 11

Actual spermatogenesis/cell type

Answer 11

Mitosis=spermatogonia 
-mitosis 
-cnt tell diff. parts 
Meiosis I=Primary spermatocytes 
-@ end=haploid cells
-condense chromo. 
-occur w/in dys
Meiosis II=secondary spermatocytes 
-Haploid 
-cnt see histologically 
Spermiogensis/spermatids 
-Early=immature haploid gametes 
  :w/in sertoli cytop.
-late=see arrow head 
  :@ sertoli apical cytop. 
Resid. body/spermatozoa 
Spermatid are release into sem. tubule lumen

Question 12

Sertoli cells

Answer 12

REg.
True Epith. of sem. tubules b/c other cells are spermatogonia
Histolog=nucleus w/ dark nucleoli
Overview
-function=supporting cell w/in sem. tub.
:reg. spermatogonia
-Allow spe. of BSM and tunica propia=protection from immune system
:sperm not created during gamete formation
@ Basal Near basal lamina
Facilitate relase of speratid
Respond tp FSH=express androgen

Question 13

Spermatid remod.

Answer 13

Early=reg. cells w/ nucleoli 
-Golgi form acrosome=determine ant. pole 
  :centriole=flagellum 
Acrosome fap form=flagellum extend 
Cell flips 
-flagellum @ lumen 
-ant. near sertoli 
Cytoplasm=post to nucleus/acrosome 
Incre. mitocho. around flagella
-mitochonidal sheath form 
Remove excess cytop.=residual body

Question 14

Spermatid released from Sertoli cell

Answer 14

Exit serminf. tubules @ the median/rete testes junction 
Travel through
-tubuli recti (short straight tubule.) 
  :line w/ sertoli cells only (smp. cub./columnar epith.)
  :mainly columnar
-Rete testes w/in medianstinum 
  :line w/ simp. cub. epith
-Ductile efferent=efferent ductule

Question 15

Mediastinum

Answer 15

all sem. tubule drain @ this pt.

has dense CT w/ BV (~ to hilum of organ)

Question 16

Mediastinum

Answer 16

all sem. tubule drain @ this pt.

has dense CT w/ BV (~ to hilum of organ)

Question 17

Female gametogensis overview

Answer 17

Gametes produced in ovaries
Fertilization=oviduct
Iimplantation=uterus

Question 18

Oogenesis mitotic division

Answer 18

1st meiotic division=in ovary 
-begin @ embryonic develop 
  :not @ birth unitl puberty 
-After each ovulation 
  :oocyte-->fallopiantube 
2nd meiotic division 
-metaphase arrest (prior to oviduct) 
-if fertilized =completed in oviduct

Question 19

Ovaries

Answer 19

Layers 
-Tunic albuginea 
-Germinal epith. (smp. cub.) 
Function 
-produce femal gamete 
-secrete estrogen/progest. 
-reg. postnatal growth/reproduced organd 
-develop 2ndry sex organs

Question 20

Fallopian tube

Answer 20

AKA oviduct

Fembri=cilia that bind to outer cilular layer of oocyte(corna radiata)

Question 21

oogonia

Answer 21

Cells that develop during fetal development 
-mitosis incre. number of future oocyte 
Dnt need BB(unlike male) b/c was developing during immune syst. develop
Most not fully develop=atresia 
-apoptosis of surrounding cells
-80% of cells are destroyed b4 birth
Brith
-ovaries contain 600,00 to 800,000
-arrest in prophase I

Question 22

Basic follicle structure

Answer 22

Oocyte 
Zona peluccida 
-glylcoprot. 
-very eosin 
Granulosa cell=supporting cells

Question 23

Follicle structure-oocyte

Answer 23

Developing female gamete
-mature=ovum/oval
Vry lrg cell w/ incre number of sub organell
-male=nuclei, mitoch, flagella
Proj. irreg. microvilli–>perivitelline space
Granulosa cell extend in perivitelline space
-allow for communication w/ oocyte a part of communication

Question 24

Perivitelline space

Answer 24

b/w oocyte/granulosa cell

Zona pellucida forms

Question 25

Follicle structuer-2ndry follice structures

Answer 25

Cumulus oophorus w/ granuloa cells Corona radiata -cell layer surround oocyte after release Microvilli penetrate zona pellucida/contact oocyte microvilli No cytoplasmic continuity -but communicate through gap junction

Question 26

Follicular develop

Answer 26

``` Stg1. =primordial oocyte Stg2=primary follicle Stg. 3=secondary follicle Stg. 4=graafian Stg5=relase ```

Question 27

Follicular develop-stg. 1/primordial

Answer 27

Housing primary oocyte w/ sq. cells(granulosa cells) | B4 birth/puberty

Question 28

Follicular develop-stg. 2/primary follicle

Answer 28

``` AKA developed primordial cell No layers Arrest after crossing over and wait until pubert @ prophase I Early=sum. cub. Lat.=st. cub. -theca follicle begins to develop -beginning of zona pellucida ```

Question 29

Follicular develop-stg. 3/secondary follicle

Answer 29

``` AKA prenatal follicle Atria forms -space surrounding most of oocyte -fluid=oocyte maturation inhibin(OMI) 2 cells start to form -zona pellucida (encase primary oocyte) -mural granulosa cells (premature theca cels) Cumulus oophoras Layers -Granulosa (st. cub.) -BsM -theca=inner and outer ```

Question 30

Cumulus oophorus

Answer 30

stop oocyte from mooving by attaching to granulosa cells

Question 31

Theca cells

Answer 31

Inner=horm. producing cells -vascular layer -respond to LH to produce estrogen's precursor Outer=sm. muscle/CT

Question 32

Follicular develop-stg 4/graafrian

Answer 32

``` AKA pre-ovulatory follicle Very lrg cell Follicle move close to outer aspect of ovary cells -cumulus oophorus -cornoa radia=granulosa cells cell attache to zona pellucida Polar body created -oocyte daughter cell from meiosis -b/w oocyte and zona pellucida -chromo. w/ mini cytop. -undergo apoptosis ```

Question 33

Follicle develop-release

Answer 33

``` Incre. vol./incre. of follicular fluid Plasmin proteolysis of follicular wall Glycoamino glycogen deposit in comulums oophurs Exit=theca ext. sm. contraction -goes into oviduct ```

Question 34

Released oocyte layers

Answer 34

``` corona radiat(granulosa cells) oocyte/nucleus ```

Question 35

Hormone reg. in gen.

Answer 35

beginn @ hypoth.=GnRH to pituitary (FSH/LH)

Question 36

Endocrine for males

Answer 36

``` FSH=sertoli cells LH=lydig cell Testosteron -2ndry sec charct. -reprod. -metaoblic=growth/kid. -behavi.=libido ```

Question 37

endocrine for females

Answer 37

``` FSH=follicle develop. LH=ovulatin/progesteron/estrogen ovarian cycle -hormo level changes eery 28 dys ovaries release oocyte by uterine wall changes Estrogen/progest=inhib. LHRH/GnRH Progesterone's percursor for estrogen/testorone -secdry sex charact. -reporduciton -lactation ```