Para/Thyroid and Adrenal gland

Question 1

Overview of Adrenal gland

Answer 1

AKA suprarenal gland
Anatomical on superior poriton of kidney
Surrounded by adipose tissue

Question 2

Layers of Adrenal gland

Answer 2

Capsule
Cortex=mesodermal tissue
Medulla=N. creast
-post gang. N.

Question 3

Adrenal gland-capsule

Answer 3

Dense CT

Question 4

Where are the endocrine gland located in the adrenal gland

Answer 4

Cortex

Question 5

Adrenal gland hormones

Answer 5

All are relased in blood
Cortex=steroid hormones
Peptide hormrone/catecholamines=medulla
-released by N. sig. (sympathetic presynpatic N. endings)

Question 6

How many layers in the Adrenal gland cortex

Answer 6

3 Zone w/ cells secreted steroid hormones=incre. lippid droplet in cytop.

• Zona glomerulosa
• zona fasiculata
• Zona retiuclaris

Question 7

Zona glomerulosa

Answer 7

Produce mineral corticoid=Main aldosterone
Cells are arranged in circle (ie glomerulose)
REg. by angio. II

Question 8

Aldosterone

Answer 8

Bind to highly expressed mineralcorticoid recep. in cytop.
-w/in distal nephron, colon, hippocampus
Act through aldosteron reg. kinase
-affect Na. channels
Function
-Reg. ECF vol. =incre. Na transporter to reduce H2O excretion
-Control K+ homeostasis=decre. Na excretion while incre. K+ excretion

Question 9

Zona fasciculata

Answer 9

Cells=lighter stain in ribbon formation
-spongiocytes=spongy app b/c incre. lipid content and incre. SER (steriod horm.)
Produce gludocorticoid=cortisol (stress horm.)
Reg. by ACTH

Question 10

Cortisol

Answer 10

Activates multiple metabolic 
-Gluconeogensis 
-Glycogen formation in liver 
-fat metabilization in adipose
-prot. degradation in muscle 
-suppress immune syst. 
  :decre. cytokine product/lymphpoiesis (immune cells) 
  :incre. stress=incre. chances of sick

Question 11

Zona reticularis

Answer 11

Not well arranged cells=reticulated fashion
Produce cortisol but mainly wk androgren DHEA
Reg. by ACTH

Question 12

What can wk androgen DHEA cn be converted into

Answer 12

testosterone

Question 13

What type of cells are found in the medulla of the Adrenal gland

Answer 13

Chromaffin cells and ganglion/nerve

Question 14

Chromaffin cells

Answer 14

Secretory cells 
Modified N. 
Secrete peptide/catacholamines 
-stored in granules 
-detected by using potassium dicrhomates 
  :help create a dark brown color

Question 15

Catacholamine

Answer 15

N. epi(less potent) and Epi.(adrenalin)

Question 16

Adrenaline

Answer 16

Fight/flight=incre. activity/E to muscle and incre. O2 in BV/sk. muscel
Function
-Vasoconstriction
:incre. activation of sm. muscle
:incre. BP(also renin)
:incre. HR=cardiac muscle and incre. F/rate
-Blood gluc.=glucagon (pancreas) and incre. insulin(incre muscle gluc.)
-other metabolic (thyroid horm.)

Question 17

Pheochromocytoma

Answer 17

Rare chromaffin cell tumor
Incre. adrenalin
Cn be malig/begnin
Cn kill by heart attack

Question 18

blood vessel in the medulla

Answer 18

Adrenomedullary vn,
-longitudinal sm. muscle in tunica media
:no circle sm. muscle
-drain directlh into inf. vena cava(rit side) or left renal van (left side)
-cn contract w/ organ to incre. the relase of the horm
-supplied by cortex/medulla sinusoid venules
:sm. BV near cell b/c endocrine organ=no secreting duct but CT=blood

Question 19

cortical vasculature

Answer 19

Horm.–>BV–>tissue
Caspuslor plexus=fensustrated
-@ capsule
Medullary arter goes throught cortex into medulla
-dup in medullary vn
Fenestrated cortical capillaies in cortex

Question 20

Why arnt all horm. created throughout the cortex

Answer 20

b/c of type of enzyme needed
CYP17 is only in zona fasculata dn retiularis NOT GLOMERULOS
-17alpha-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase
-produce cortisol and sex horm.

Question 21

Thyroid does what type of regulation

Answer 21

metabolic reg.

Question 22

Thyroid anatomicly

Answer 22

2 lobes connected by the isthmus
Neart the arch of cirocid
develop downward

Question 23

Thyroid gland organization

Answer 23

Outer capsule

Lobules

Question 24

Thyroid gland-out capsule

Answer 24

Dense CT

Parathyroid glands

Question 25

Thyroid gland-lobules

Answer 25

``` Separated by CT septa Follicles w/in lobule -Parenchyma -Lined w/ simple epithelium :cuboidal=active :sq.=inact. Filled w/ colloid Parafolicular cells b/w lobules in BsM ```

Question 26

Thyroid gland-colloid

Answer 26

``` Thyroglobulin -Stores Thyroid horm. -lrg. glycoprot. w/ no horm. activie -140 tyr. need to make thyroid Thyroid stim. horm(TSH) -produced by pit. -+ all phases of thyroid horm. ```

Question 27

Thyroid horm. prod.

Answer 27

``` Thyroglobulin -produced RER -glycosylated -exocytosed into follicular lumen Iodid form blood -Na/iodid symp. @ basal memb.(NIS) -Iodide/chlorid symp. (pendrin) :iodide-->lumen oxidized @ apical surface by thyroid persxidase :then iodided-->iodine Follicle lumen -Tyr of thyroglobulin r iodinated by covalent biding of 1-2 iodine molec. -Iodinated Tyr r cong. to produced horm. Release horm. of T3/4 -iodinated thyroglobulin is absorbed into follicular cell through endocytosis -vessicle fuse w/ lysosomes :transported to basal region -T3/4 freed from thryoglobulin :transported from thyroglobulin ```

Question 28

Thyroid horm. actions

Answer 28

T3/4=growth, cell dif., basal metabolic rate, O2/heat consumption cross BBB T4=liver and kid. T3=TRH/TSH and prolactin Other metabolic=carb, lipid, prot.

Question 29

Parafollicular cells

Answer 29

Surrounded by follice b/w follicle cells and BsM AKA C cell contain calcitonin -recep. on osteoclast for inhibition :when blood Ca2+ is high lighter stain than other follicular cells

Question 30

Parathyroid overview

Answer 30

located on post capsule of thyroid | Location varies b/c embryonic migration

Question 31

Parathyroid-organization

Answer 31

2 types of cells -cheif cells and oxyphils Stroma=reticular fibers to support cheif cells

Question 32

Parathyroid-cheif cells

Answer 32

hormone producing PTH(parathryorid horm.)

Question 33

Parathyroid-oxyphil cells

Answer 33

``` MC in older ppl -appear in puberty and incre. in older age lrg/incre eosin cytop. -b/c incre. mitoch. DNT secrete PTH/inactive cells ```

Question 34

PTH

Answer 34

Polypeptide Released by cheif cells Decre. blood Ca2+ levels=+GCPR and PTH released -incre. blood Ca+=Ca2+ bind to recep. and inhibit PTH released Released PTH -bind to osteoblast :osteoblast release osteoclast stim. factor -Osteoclast absrob bone tissue :release Ca2+ and Phosphate Function -phosphate goes to renal tubuels=incre. phosphate excretion ans incre. Ca2+ reabsorp. -inhibit osteoblast too -stim. Vit. D synth.=incre. Ca2+ absorpt. in GIT