gandhi Flashcards
(38 cards)
when does gandhi go to london and why? add quote
1881, Wants to see England ‘the land of philosophers and poets, the very centre of covilisation’
What type of caste
middle- upper
when start to train as lawyer
1888
vow to mother
abstain from meat alcohol and women.
when move south africa
1891
what starts non violent movement
Non violence begins from being thrown off train. - ‘my active non violence began from that date’
what did he pick up on immediately that served hm well on how to get cause noticed
journalism
significance of gujarati
many taken with gandhi. After wealthy Gujarati Muslim merchants began experiencing discrimination from repressive colonial legislation in Natal,[107] they sought the help of one young lawyer, Mahatma Gandhi to represent the case of a Memon businessman. Umar Hajee Ahmed Jhaveri was consequently elected the first president of the South African Indian Congress.
how does gandhi start movement in south africa
Starts with petitioning, visits to government officials but when these fails he takes into direct non violence. Strikes, Peaceful marches, protest and breaking of law – burning of passes
satyagraha
Satyagraha (/ˌsætɪəˈɡrɑːhɑː/; Sanskrit: सत्याग्रह satyāgraha), loosely translated as “insistence on truth” (satya “truth”; agraha “insistence” or “holding firmly to”) or holding onto truth[1] or truth force, is a particular philosophy and practice within the broader overall category generally known as nonviolent resistance or civil resistance. The term satyagraha was coined and developed by Mahatma Gandhi.[2] He deployed satyagraha in the Indian independence movement and also during his earlier struggles in South Africa for Indian rights. Satyagraha theory influenced Nelson Mandela’s struggle in South Africa under apartheid, Martin Luther King, Jr.’s and James Bevel’s campaigns during the Civil Rights Movement in the United States, and many other social justice and similar movements.[3][4] Someone who practices satyagraha is a satyagrahi.
gandhi on western civilisation
· ‘This civilisation is such that one has only to be patient and it will be self destroyed. According to the teaching of Mohammed this would be considered a Satanic civilisation. Hinduism calls it a Black Age. I cannot give you an adequate conception of it. It is eating into the vitals of the English nation. It must be shunned. Parliaments are really emblems of slavery…Civilisation is not an incurable disease, but it should never be forgotten that the English are at present afflicted by it.’
If english themselves are supressed, if you have slavery and colonialism then what is the meaning of civilisation. Gandhi sees decolonising the mind. Most people when arrive in london fall at the feet of london. Where modernity meets. They think they are inferior and should embrace western civilisation. Gandhi however is sayoing no, your civilisation is something we want nothing to do with.
gandhi on colonialism
COLONIALISM IS NOT JUST SOCIETY CULTURE, ECONOMY IT IS ALSO THE MOND AND THAT YOU FEEL THE NEED TO EMULATE WESTERN SOCIETY AND CULTURE.
swaraj
unity between hindus and muslims, swadeshi - self sufficiency, eradication of practices on untouchability
champaran
Has to be a good politician. Starts a movement of Indian peasants against white planters. Been forced to cultivate indigo on three quarters of their land. Can’t cultivate their subsistence crops. Forced to cultivate indigo to pay off their rents etc
Embraces the dress of peasants as a nationalist symbol
These are not the worst off people.
Apparently, in a region called Champaran, in the north east of the country, poor farmers were forced to grow indigo and other ‘cash crops’ instead of food crops and then to sell their crops to the planters at a fixed price. This meant that they were on the verge of starvation, lived in extreme poverty and were suppressed by militias run by the landlords, many of whom were British. Taxes were being levied, and raised continuously, a factor that resulted in the situation growing progressively worse until in 1914 (and then again in 1916) the farmers revolted against the conditions imposed on them. In 1917, one of these peasants persuaded Mahatma Gandhi to visit the region. Gandhi proposed non-violent mass civil disobedience and insisted that protestors did not allude to or try to propagate the concept of independence. This revolt was not about political freedom, but against tyranny amidst what now was a humanitarian disaster.
when did gandhi return to india
9/01/15
Gujarat
takes up mill workers v mill owner. Indian mill workers underpaid and forces a compromise between them – not communism but compromise – negotiated compromise. In that sense gandhi is middle of the road and not a radical oliticial though in many way is radical.
rowlatt satyagraha
Satagryha where indians are opposed to powers that british have to arrwst indians without trial. In 1919 Gandhiji gave a call for aSatyagrahaagainst theRowlattAct, passed by the British. The Act restricted the freedom of expression and strengthened police powers. Mahatma Gandhi, Mohammad Ali Jinnah and others strongly opposed this Act. http://www.facts-about-india.com/rowlatt-satyagraha.php
Jallianwala Bagh massacre
The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, also known as the Amritsar massacre, took place on 13 April 1919 when a crowd of nonviolent protesters, along with Baishakhi pilgrims, who had gathered in Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar, Punjab were fired upon by troops of the British Indian Army under the command of Colonel Reginald Dyer. The civilians had assembled at Jallianwala Bagh to participate in the annual Baisakhi celebrations which are both a religious and a cultural festival of the Punjabis. Coming from outside the city, they may have been unaware of the martial law that had been imposed. The Bagh-space comprised 6 to 7 acres (28,000 m2) and was walled on all sides except for five entrances.[1] On Dyer’s orders, his troops fired on the crowd for ten minutes, directing their bullets largely towards the few open gates through which people were trying to run out. The figures released by the British government were 379 dead and 1200 wounded. Other sources place the number of dead at well over 1000. This “brutality stunned the entire nation”,[2] resulting in a “wrenching loss of faith” of the general public in the intentions of Britain.[3] The ineffective inquiry and the initial accolades for Dyer by the House of Lords fuelled widespread anger, leading to the Non-cooperation Movement of 1920–22.[4]
non cooperation dates
1920-22
non coop movememnt
· Urges Indians to withdraw schools, courts, council etc to deliberately avoid paying taxes.
· Next movement. Muslims upset dismemberment turkish caliphate.
TheKhilafat movement(1919–26) was apan-Islamic, political protest campaign launched by Muslims inBritish Indiato influence the British government. The movement became the reason for separation from mainland India of an Islamic Pakistan, in the process unleashing tremendous separation-trauma, mainly upon ethnic Punjabis.
end of non coop movement
· Within a year Gandhi stops movement because 22 police officers killed – burned in a police station in u.p utter pradesh. Dramitic stop to movement - huge ire to movement. 22 indian policement were burned.
Cannot have warfare – india too many hooligans. Nehru couldn’t understang dhim calling off the movement. Gsndhi says no, too dangerous. Cannopt have warfare erupting. The people are not ready, too many hooligans.
civil disobedience.
1930-31 Dandi march. Salt march. 12/3-6/4. 1930. Leaves with 78 followers and arrives with over 200000. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_March
· Impoverished people still had to pay a salt tax - 2 rupees. This was theor living.
· Specific pbject tp protest tax on salt. He simply collected natural salt from the sea. Was arrested. Lord urban.
Press got a lot of international sympathy for the cause. Americ`n journalist webb miller reported the horrific reaction by police.
Women began to join the movement. In large numbers.
British did not know what to do – arrest you will cause war and not arrest and the nationalism grows ‘to arrest gandhi would be to set fire to the whole of india’
Miller
In 1930, Miller took a 12,000-mile airplane trip across the Middle East and India. While in India, he met and became friends with Mohandas Gandhi. Gandhi was launching the Salt Satyagraha, and Miller stayed to cover the event. Miller witnessed the raid on the Dharasana Salt Works on May 12, 1930, in which more than 1,300 unarmed Indians were severely beaten and several deaths occurred. Miller’s report helped turn world opinion against the British occupation of India.[1][4][10] Gandhi himself later said that Miller “helped make” Indian independence through his eyewitness report.[1]
black act
In August 1906, the Asiatic Law Amendment Ordinance was signed into law in the Transvaal. It was a humiliating and discriminating law forcing Indians in the Transvaal to register with the ‘registrar of Asiatics,’ submit to physical examinations, provide fingerprints, and carry a registration certificate at all times. Otherwise, Indians and other ‘Asiatics,’ as they were called, could be fined, imprisoned, or deported. It became known as the ‘Black Act’.
