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A Level Biology - Organsims Exchange Substances With Their Environment > Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Gas Exchange Flashcards

1
Q

What are the holes in an insects body

A

Spiracles

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2
Q

What is an insects exoskeleton made of

A

Chitin

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3
Q

What is the trachea of the insect made from and why

A

Chitin
To prevent it from collapsing

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4
Q

Adaptations of the tracheoles

A

Extremely thin so short diffusion distance
Large number to increase surface area
Plus end filled with fluid but that’s on separate flash card

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5
Q

What is the fluid in tracheoles called

A

Tracheal fluid

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6
Q

What is the function of the water in the tracheoles

A

Anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid
This lowers the water potential of the cells
Water moves into cells by osmosis
Reduces volume in tubes and air is down down + SA is increased

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7
Q

What is the muscle surrounding the spiracle called

A

Sphincter

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8
Q

How do insects reduce water loss

A

Closing there spiracles like when the oxygen need is low

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9
Q

How do insects get air in and out of their bodies

A

Rhythmic abdominal pumping

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10
Q

Why do larger organisms have a specialised gas exchange systems

A

Larger organisms have a smaller surface area to volume ratio
Specialised system for faster DIFFUSION

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11
Q

Why do fish have gills on the outside rather than humans who have it on the inside Hint: this is as a result of environmental condition

A

Water has a lower concentration of oxygen than air
So system gives larger surface area in contact with water

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12
Q

Why is counter current flow efficient

A

Blood and water travel in opposite direction
Concentration gradient of oxygen maintained along Lamellae

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13
Q

Exam Technique
When talking about oxygen and needing more always use word

A

RESPIRATION

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14
Q

Explain how a reduced tidal volume affects the exchange of carbon dioxide between the blood and alveoli

A

Less carbon dioxide exhaled
This reduces the concentration gradient of carbon dioxide between alveoli and blood
Less diffusion of carbon dioxide out of the blood stream

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15
Q

If alveolar epithelium cells die inside the human body they are replaced by non-specialised, thickened tissue.
Explain why death of alveolar epithelium cells reduces gas exchange in human lungs.
[3 marks]

A

REDUCED SURFACE AREA
increased distance for diffusion
Reduced rate of gas exchange

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16
Q

Describe and explain the mechanism that causes lungs to fill with air

A

Diaphragm contracts and external intercoastal muscles contract and internal intercostal muscles relax
This cause volume to increase and pressure to decrease
Air moves in down pressure gradient

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17
Q

What is the tidal volume

A

Air breathed in and out at rest

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18
Q

What is inspiratory resume volume

A

Largest volume of a breath in

19
Q

Expiratory reserve volume i

A

The maximum amount of additional air that can be force out of the lungs after a normal breath.

20
Q

What is the vital capacity

A

The largest lung capacity from the biggest inhale and the biggest exhale (excluding residual volume)

21
Q

What is the residual volume and why is it important

A

Air that cannot be breathed out (unless winded)
It is too prevent the lung linings sticking together

22
Q

Describe what happens during expiration

A

External intercostal muscles relaxes and the diagram relaxes.
This cause the volume in the lungs to decrease and the pressure to increase
Air moves down its pressure gradient out of the lungs

23
Q

Why would fish have a higher ratio of gill surface area to body mass

A

Supplies enough oxygen for respiration

24
Q

Describe the pathway taken by an oxygen molecule from an alveolus to the blood.

A

Across alveolar epithelium
Endothelium of capillary

25
Q

Abdominal Pumping increases the efficiency of gas exchange between the tracheoles and the muscle tissue of the insect. Explain why

A

MORE oxygen enters
Maintains concentration gradient

26
Q

Explain the movement of oxygen into the gas exchange system of an insect when it is at rest x3

A

Oxygen moves down its diffusion gradient (2)
Oxygen is used in aerobic respiration

27
Q

How does abdominal pumping help gas exchange w CO2

A

Abdominal pumping in tubes is linked to carbon dioxide release
Pumping raises pressure in body
Carbon dioxide moves down pressure gradient to atmosphere

28
Q

EXAM TECHNIQUE When presented which a graph and then an evaluate question about a conclusion reached what show you always say

A

Explain the trend
However CORRELATION DOES NOT PROVE CAUSATION E.g. other facts may be at play here

29
Q

% change equasion

A

Final-original / original

30
Q

Structure of fish gills

A

Gills - filaments - Lamellae

31
Q

Why is counter current flow beneficial

A

Maintains concentration gradient ACROSS WHOLE LENGTH OF GILL FILAMENT

32
Q

Order of the human gas exchange system

A

Trachea - Bronchi - bronchioles - alveoli

33
Q

Exam technique what must you mention when talking about pressure in the lungs during inhalation and exhalation

A

LUNG VOLUME then go on to explain

34
Q

Equation for pulmonary ventilation

A

Tidal volume x breathing rate

35
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation

A

Total volume of air moved into the lungs in one minute

36
Q

Adaptations of trachea x2

A

Cartilage prevents the lungs from collapsing when we inhale
Lined with ciliated epithelial and goblet cells which secret mucus and trap pathogens

37
Q

What do alveoli have that helps the contact and recoil

A

Contain protein elastin

38
Q

Exam technique when explain relationships on graphs

A

Correlation does not prove causation
Other factors may cause ….. etc

39
Q

Name 3 ways insects get air in

A

Diffusion
Abdominal pumping
Water thingy

40
Q

How do insects reduce water loss x3

A

Small SA:V ratio less area for water to evaporate off
Waterproof exoskeleton
Spiracles can close

41
Q

What is a xerophytic plant

A

Plants that are adapted to survive in environments with limited water

42
Q

Adaptations of xerophytic plants x4

A

Stomata pits to trap water. Reduce water concentration gradient so less evaporation
Hairs to trap water, water concentration gradient reduced …
Curled to protect wind from removing water this means water concentration gradient …
Thick waxy cuticle to reduce evaporation

43
Q

How does asthma attack effect air flow x4

A

Muscle walls of bronchioles contract
Walls of bronchioles secrete more mucus
Diameter of airways reduced
Therefore flow of air reduced

A Level Biology - Organsims Exchange Substances With Their Environment (5 decks)

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