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A Level Biology - Organsims Exchange Substances With Their Environment > Mass Transport In Animlas > Flashcards

Mass Transport In Animlas Flashcards

(84 cards)

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1
Q

What are the haemoglobins

A

A group of chemically similar molecules found in many different organisms

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2
Q

what type of circulatory system do mammals have

A

double

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3
Q

what does double circulatory system mean

A

passes through the heart twice

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4
Q

why is a double circulatory system beneficial

A

blood moves to body tissues rapidly and under high pressure
oxygen is delivered more efficiently

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5
Q

the blood in the right side of the heart is oxygenated/deoxygenated

A

deoxygenated

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6
Q

the blood in the left hand side of the heart is oxygenated/deoxygenated

A

oxygenated

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7
Q

key to remember when looking at picture of heart

A

treat as if it was your own heart so its opposite to what it is put paper against heart and it would be correct

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8
Q

the pressure in arteries is

A

high

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9
Q

which is the only artery that carries deoxygenated blood

A

pulmonary artery

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10
Q

the blood vessel between heart and lungs is

A

pulmonary artery

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11
Q

the blood travels from heart to the body in which blood vessel

A

aorta

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12
Q

which blood vessel are the kidneys supplied by

A

renal artery

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13
Q

what are the veins that come from the kidneys called

A

renal veins

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14
Q

the pressure in veins is

A

low

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15
Q

what blood vessel transports blood from the lungs to the heart

A

pulmonary vein

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16
Q

which is the only vein that has oxygenated blood

A

pulmonary vein

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17
Q

blood first enters the heart through the

A

vena cava

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18
Q

order of heart blood vessels from when it first enters

A

vena cava
pulmonary artery
pulmonary vein
aorta

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19
Q

order of blood vessels when blood reaches the cells

A

artery
arteriole
capillary
venule
vein

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20
Q

what is the pulse

A

when the heart contacts causing a surge of even higher pressure down the arteries

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21
Q

adaptations of the artery

A

fairly thick - withstand high pressure
several layers
lumen lined with endothelium cells

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22
Q

what are the 3 layers of the artery

A

1) made of collagen
2) smooth muscle
3) elastic fibers

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23
Q

why is one of the layers of the artery made of collagen

A

to strengthen artery

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24
Q

why is one of the layers of the artery made of smooth muscle

A

contracts which controls how much blood reaches organs

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25
why is one of the layers of the artery made of elastic fibers
to stretch and recoil keeps blood moving smoothly when heart contracts
26
why is one of the layers of the artery made of elastic fibers
To stretch and recoil keeps blood moving smoothly when the heart contracts
27
why is the lumen lined with a thin layer of endothelial cells
very smooth surface to reduce friction as blood flows through
28
compare structure of arteriole and artery
collagen rich outer layers - thinner elastic layer - thinner muscle layer - thicker
29
why do arterioles have thick muscles (thicker than arteries even)
they regulate the blood passing through the capillaries
30
what is it called when blood vessels contracts
vasoconstriction
31
what is it called when blood vessel relaxes
vasodilation
32
what is a network of capillaries called
capillary bed
33
what is exchanged between body cells and capillaries
in - oxygen and glucose out- carbon dioxide + waste products
34
adaptations of capillaries
extremely thin wall - a single layer of endothelial cells so a short diffusion distance increases the rate of e.g. oxygen diffusion diameter of lumen only slightly greater than that of red blood cells - when red blood cells pass through the are pushed against a capillary wall. This once again reduces diffusion distance etc.
35
why do red blood cells travel in single file down capillaries + why is this an adaptation
the lumen of capillaries is only slightly wider than the red blood cell they travel slow this increases the time available for diffusion in and out of the blood.
36
what is the lumen lined with in veins
endothelial cells to prevent friction between blood and wall
37
adaptation of veins
valves if the blood begins to flow backwards, the valves shut
38
when does tissue fluid leave the blood
at the capillaries near the arteries
39
when does tissue fluid return to the blood
at the parts of the capillary which are close to vein
40
why does the tissue fluid leave at the artery end
This is had relatively high hydrostatic pressure is greater then oncotic pressure so tissue fluid moves out.
41
explain oncotic pressure
in the blood the hydrophilic plasma proteins lower the water potential of the blood plasma so water moves back into blood via osmosis
42
what is the process of tissue fluid leaving the capillaries called
ultrafiltration
43
why does tissue fluid enter the blood at the vein end
Lower hydrostatic pressure
44
what happens to tissue fluid that is not absorbed back into the blood
Enter the lymph system which eventually rejoins the blood stream
45
Adaptations of red blood cells x3
Biconcave structure - large surface area to volume ratio Hundreds Millions of molecules of haemoglobin Lose nucleus - more volume to carry haemoglobin
46
How many polypeptide chains does haemoglobin have
4
47
What level structure is haemoglobin
Quaternary
48
What is the red blood cell called once oxygen binds to it
Oxyhaemoglobin
49
What is the curve to do with oxygen called
Oxygen dissociation curve
50
What do we say instead of concentration of oxygen
Partial pressure (Means the same thing)
51
At lower partial pressure of oxygen the affinity is…..
LOW
52
What does the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen depend on
Partial pressure of oxygen
53
What gas does aerobic respiration produce
Carbon dioxide
54
Which way does the oxygen dissociation curve shift if the carbon dioxide concentration increases
Shift to the right
55
What does increase concentration of carbon dioxide have on the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen
Causes the oxygen affinity of haemoglobin to decrease because acidic
56
What is the name of the effect when the oxygen dissociation curve shifts
Bohr effect
57
How does carbon dioxide cause the quaternary structure of haemoglobin to change
In the blood carbon dioxide can form acidic molecule carbonic acid The acid releases H+ ions This combine with the haemoglobin and causes it to change shape
58
Name the valve between the atrium and ventricles + specific names
Right is Atrioventricular valve ( tricuspid) Left is Atrioventricular valve ( bicuspid)
59
What is the name of the part of the heart which separates the right and left hand side + what is it’s purpose
Septum Prevents the oxygenated and deoxygenated passing directly through the two sides of the hearth and mixing
60
What are the two parts of the vena cava + where do the bring blood from
Inferior - brings blood from lower body Superior - brings blood from upper body
61
Which side of the heart has thicker muscle and why
Left (ventricle) pumps blood around the whole body
62
What blood vessel supplies blood to the heart
Coronary artery
63
Which cells trigger the heart beat + where are they found
Sino-atrial node Right atrium
64
Where is the apex on the hearth
At the bottom
65
What is unique about the cardiac muscle
It’s myogenic meaning it can contract and relax without nervous or hormonal stimulus
66
Is diastole contracting or relaxation
Relaxed
67
Is systole contracting or relaxing
Contracting
68
What can leave in tissue fluid x3
Water molecules Dissolved minerals and salts Glucose
69
What can’t leave in tissue fluid x3
Red blood cells Large proteins Platelet’s
70
The heart is a …. Muscle this mean that…
Myogentic - contracts and relaxes without nerve or hormonal stimulus
71
Stages of the cardiac cycle
1)Diastole - Atria and ventricle muscles relax blood is entering the atrium 2) Atrial Systole - Atria contract, ventricle relax A-V value open so blood flows into ventricles 3) Ventricle Systole - ventricle contract, atria relax A-V valve shut, semi-lunar value open
72
Equation cardiac output
Cardiac output = heart rate (per min) x stroke volume (dm3)
73
What is cardiac output
Volume of blood leaving one ventricle in one minute
74
Why does tissue fluid return
Proteins remained in blood Creates a water potential gradient Mover moves back into blood via osmisis Excess water returns via lymphatic system
75
Explain root pressure
Water moves into the roots via osmosis so the pressure in the root increases the positive pressure helps to push water up the xylem
76
Explain mass flow
Sucrose is actively transported from the source into the phloem This lowers the water potential so water from the xylem enters which also increase the pressure Pressure gradient forces the solutes towards the sink Near sink higher water potential so water moves back to xylem which reduces the pressure e
77
What is the lumen of a blood vessel
The diameter the gap
78
5 things that you should do for scientific drawings
Use a single solid line Add label s Add magnification bar Draw all parts to the same scale Do not use shading
79
Which has a wider lumen artery or vein
Artery
80
How to clean up properly after dissection x4
Was sharp instruments by pointing them away from yourself Disinfect surfaces Wash hands with soap Put organ in separate bin
81
Binding of one molecule of oxygen to haemoglobin makes it easier for a second oxygen molecule to bind why
Binding first oxygen changes the tertiary structure of the haemoglobin This uncovers another binding site
82
Does friction increase or decrease hydrostatic pressure
Increase The more friction the more pressure
83
Role of heart in formation of tissue fluid
Contracting of VENTRICLES produces high pressure This forces out WATER
84
If oxygen dissociation curve shift to the left then what do you talk about
Easier unloading

A Level Biology - Organsims Exchange Substances With Their Environment (5 decks)

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