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BSN 2000 > Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Gas Exchange Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

What determines cellular oxygenation?

A

Oxygen supply and oxygen demand

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2
Q

What factors affect oxygen supply?

A

Arterial oxygen content and cardiac output

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3
Q

What two factors determine arterial oxygen content?

A

PaO2 and SaO2

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4
Q

What determines PaO2? (1 thing)

A

Alveolar gas exchange

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5
Q

What factors affect alveolar gas exchange?

A

Composition of inspired air, ventilation, pulmonary perfusion, alveolar capillary diffusion

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6
Q

What 3 factors determine ventilation?

A

Compliance, resistance, neuromuscular function

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7
Q

What factors determine pulmonary perfusion?

A

Central perfusion and vessel patency

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8
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output (CO)?

A

CO = HR x SV

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9
Q

What factors affect metabolic demand?

A

Temperature, stress, physical activity

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10
Q

What is gas exchange?

A

Oxygen is transported to cells and CO2 is transported away from the cells

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11
Q

What 10 factors affect gas exchange?

A

Alveolar-capillary diffusion, surface area, diffusion distance, pressure gradient, ventilation, resistance, compliance, neuromuscular function, pulmonary perfusion, vessel patency, central perfusion

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12
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

An infectious and inflammatory process affecting alveoli and connective tissue responsible for gas exchange

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13
Q

What triggers the inflammatory response in pneumonia?

A

A germ (either bacteria or virus) settling in the alveolar wall

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14
Q

How is pneumonia transmitted?

A

By droplets, blood, intubations

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15
Q

What do goblet cells do in the mucociliary defense system?

A

Produce mucus to trap foreign particles

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16
Q

What is typical/bacterial pneumonia characterized by?

A

Exudate filling alveoli and leading to consolidation

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17
Q

What is the onset of typical pneumonia? What type of cough?

A

Rapid onset with productive cough

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18
Q

What is atypical/viral pneumonia characterized by?

A

Inflammation affecting the alveolar septum and interstitium

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19
Q

What is the onset of atypical pneumonia? What type of cough?

Study These Flashcards
A

Gradual onset with non-productive cough

20
Q

What are the types of pneumonia?

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A
  • Bronchopneumonia: alveoli are consolidated
  • Lobar: a full lobe is consolidated
  • Interstitial (atypical): alveoli look normal, but interstitial tissue is swollen
21
Q

What are some risk factors for pneumonia?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Smoking
  • Alcohol abuse
  • IV drug use
  • Malnutrition
  • Living in close quarters
  • COPD
  • Cystic fibrosis
  • Cancer
  • Immobility
  • History of lung infections
  • Weakened immune function
22
Q

What is a consolidated area?

Study These Flashcards
A

An area full of fluid

24
Q

What is the normal range for SpO2?

Study These Flashcards
A

95-100% on room air, 88-92% if they have COPD

25
What can cause respiratory acidosis?
CO2 buildup
26
What does PaO2 measure?
partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood
27
What can coarse crackles signify in pneumonia?
Fluid in the alveoli and possibly bronchioles
28
Can a person with low Hgb have normal arterial O2 saturation?
Yes
29
What is the key difference between atypical and typical pneumonia?
Atypical pneumonia affects interstitial tissue, while typical pneumonia affects the alveoli
30
What are signs of good SpO2 measurements?
Clear lung sounds, no increased work of breathing, no cough history, no shortness of breath, no central cyanosis
31
What are risk factors for impaired gas exchange? (acute pt in the hospital)
* Lack of mobility * Post-op status * History of smoking * COPD * Heart failure * Low Hgb * Medications
32
What are common causes of unreliable SpO2 readings?
* Edema * Movement/shivering * Nail polish * Dirty/damaged equipment * Poor peripheral perfusion
33
What does the ABG test measure?
Bicarb, PaO2, and other gas levels
34
What subjective data might a patient with pneumonia experience?
Shortness of breath (SOB)
35
What objective data are related to gas exchange?
* SpO2 * Work of breathing (WOB) * Respiratory rate (RR) * Heart rate (HR) * Accessory muscle use * Level of consciousness (LOC) * Sputum * Cyanosis
36
What lung sounds are associated with atypical pneumonia?
Bilateral crackles
37
What do coarse crackles sound like?
Low pitched bubbling, like pulling apart velcro
38
What distinguishes wheezing sounds?
High pitched musical sounds due to airway narrowing
39
How can one differentiate between COPD exacerbation and pneumonia exacerbation?
Increased WBC indicates pneumonia
40
What are the effects of impaired gas exchange on mobility?
Shortness of breath on exertion (SOBOE) affects activities of daily living (ADLs)
41
What is the priority problem for a patient with pneumonia?
Hypoxia as evidenced by increased work of breathing and shortness of breath
42
What interventions can be taken for a patient with pneumonia?
* Deep breath and cough * Frequent repositioning * Proning * Raise head of bed * Apply O2 * Treat underlying cause * Administer bronchodilator * Promote rest * Encourage fluid intake * Monitor nutritional intake * Administer antipyretics
43
What is secondary pneumonia?
Pneumonia related to other conditions
44
What assessment data suggests that a client is compensating for a gas exchange impairment?
increase HR increase BP increase RR increase Hct
45
Alveolar air has a PO2 of ____ and a PCO2 of ____ at sea level.
100:40
46
how is majority of oxygen transported in the blood?
bound to heme molecules
47
where and how do central chemoreceptors detect?
detect increases in hydrogen ion levels in the CSF.

BSN 2000 (7 decks)

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