gas exchange + blood and heart Flashcards
key features of structures of lungs
Large surface area= faster diffusion of gases
Thin walls = short diffusion distances
Good blood supply = maintain a high concentration gradient
cillia and mucus
Cilia cells have tiny hairs - waft mucus up nasal p
mucus - made of goblet cells
+ traps particles/pathogens
features of alveoli
many alveoli = large SA:V
ventilation = mantains high level of oxy + low co2
thin/one cell thick= short diffusion distance
good blood supply = maintain conc gradient
ventilation :inhalation
The diaphragm contracts and flattens
external intercostal muscles contract to pull the ribs up and out
increasing volume of thorax
decreasing air pressure inside the lungs relative to outside the body
Air is drawn in
ventillation:exhallation
The diaphragm relaxes it moves upwards back into its domed shape
external intercostal muscles relax so the ribs drop down and in
the decreasing volume of the thorax
increasing in air pressure inside the lungs relative to outside the body
Air is forced out
smoking + gas exchange system effects e.g diseases
(COPD),
CHD
(lung) cancer
nic chemicals broken down + CM + Tar
nic:
narrows blood vessels = increased blood pressure/HR
CM:
forms carboxyhemoglobin + increase BP
Tar:
Carcingonegn
emphesyma
Damages cillia
emphysema + effects of reducing SA:V of alevoli
alveoli become less elastic and cannot stretch so many burst
tar reduces SA of alveoli + cant stretch and burst –> less gas exchange
- Less gas exchange + less oxygen into blood + less aerobic respiration + less energy
phagocytes: non-specific immune function and structure of WBC’s
phagocytosis by engulfing and digesting pathogens
release digestive enzymes to digest it
cell membrane, cytoplasm, irregular shape and lobed nucleus
RBC + WBC structure
biconcave disc
no nucleus + cell wall
protein- hemoglobin
has a lobed nucleus + irregular shape + cell memebrane
immune response
pathway of blood through the heart (oxygenated)
OB returns via the pulmonary vein to the left atrium
L atrium contracts - forces the blood through the bicuspid valve into left ventricle
L ventricle contracts - blood is forced through the semilunar valve and out through the aorta
pathway of blood through the heart (deoxygenated)
DB coming from the body flows through the vena cava and into the right atrium
R atrium contracts - blood is forced through the tricuspid valve into right ventricle
R ventricle contracts - blood is pushed through the semilunar valve into pulmonary artery
blood travels to the lungs + moves through the capillaries past the alveoli where gas exchange takes place
causes of CHD
layers of plaque build up inside the coronary arteries
formed from cholesterol
capillaries
- Carry blood at low pressure within tissues
- Carry both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
walls that are one cell thick- short/efficient diffusion distance
fat deposit in heart causes…
- becomes anerobic + less oxygen
