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IGCSE Biology > Gas Exchange In Humans/Yeast > Flashcards

Gas Exchange In Humans/Yeast Flashcards

1
Q

How much ATP is in 1 molecule of glucose?

A

40 ATP molecules (approx.) in 1 molecule of glucose

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2
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A
  • A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars/glucose)
  • This can be aerobic or anaerobic
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3
Q

What does ATP stand for and what is it?

A

Adenosine triphosphate, the primary energy carrier in living things (an energy-rich compound)

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4
Q

What’s the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + water + energy (as ATP)

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5
Q

What’s the chemical equation for aerobic respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 yields 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (as ATP)

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6
Q

Some energy is released in respiration is heat energy, what is this used for (in mammals)?

A

To keep warm

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7
Q

In what part of the cell does respiration occur and ATP being made?

A

Small structures called mitochondria

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8
Q

What’s the word equation for anaerobic respiration (mammals)?

A

Glucose -> lactic acid + energy (as ATP)

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9
Q

What’s the word equation for anaerobic respiration (plants and micro-organisms)?

A

Glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy (as ATP)

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10
Q

How much energy is produced in anaerobic and anaerobic respiration in the same amount of time?

A
  • Aerobic respiration produces twice as much ATP
  • Anaerobic respiration as aerobic respiration produces very little energy very quickly
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11
Q

When would muscle cells use anaerobic respiration?

A
  • Anaerobic respiration happens in muscles during hard exercise
  • Glucose is not completely broken down, so less energy is released than during aerobic respiration
  • There is a build-up of lactic acid in the muscles during vigorous exercise
  • The lactic acid needs to be oxidised to carbon dioxide and water later
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12
Q

What happens in anaerobic respiration in yeast?

A
  • The yeast acts on the glucose and without oxygen it will break down the sugar into alcohol or lactic acid
  • Glucose -> alcohol (or lactic acid) + carbon dioxide + energy
  • This is also known as fermentation
  • DOES NOT USE OXYGEN!
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13
Q

What happens in aerobic respiration in yeast?

A
  • Carbohydrates (sugar source) -> carbon dioxide + energy
  • USES OXYGEN!
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14
Q

What happens to your breathing rate during exercise?

A
  • The muscles need additional energy as the breathing rate and volume of each breath increase to bring more oxygen into the body and remove the carbon dioxide produced
  • The heart rate increases, to supply the muscles with extra oxygen and remove the carbon dioxide produced
  • More oxygen in blood
  • More oxygen to muscle cells
  • More aerobic respiration
  • More ATP for muscle contraction
  • Less lactic acid produced
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15
Q

Why do alveoli have big surface areas?

A
  • For gas exchange to take place
  • The blood capillaries must be in contact with the respiratory surface for gas exchange to take place
  • Therefore, the greater the surface area, the more gas exchange can occur
  • Increases the area over which gases and other materials can be transported into and out of the organism, via diffusion and active transport.
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16
Q

Which pigment inside red blood cells is responsible for transporting oxygen?

A

Haemoglobin

17
Q

What does Haemoglobin responsible for?

A

The pigment inside red blood cells for transporting oxygen

18
Q

What are the features that alveoli and capillaries have that make them suitable for gas exchange?

A
  • Large surface area - many alveoli are present in the lungs with a shape that further increases surface area.
  • Thin walls - alveolar walls are one cell thick providing gases with a short diffusion distance.
  • Moist walls - gases dissolve in the moisture helping them to pass across the gas exchange surface.
  • Permeable walls - allow gases to pass through.
  • Good blood supply - ensuring oxygen rich blood is taken away from the lungs and carbon dioxide rich blood is taken to the lungs.
  • A large diffusion gradient - breathing ensures that the oxygen concentration in the alveoli is higher than in the capillaries so oxygen moves from the alveoli to the blood. Carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction.
19
Q

A summary about volume to surface area

A
  • As the size of an organism increases, its volume increases faster than its surface area
  • This means that the surface area to volume ratio decreases as the organism gets larger
20
Q

Why does the volume of the thorax increase during inhalation?

A
  • Diaphragm contracts and flattens
  • Intercostal muscles contract, so ribs move up and out
21
Q

Why does air enter the lungs during inhalation?

A
  • Volume of thorax increases
  • So pressure in thorax decreases to below atmosphere pressure
22
Q

Why does air leave the lungs during exhalation?

A
  • Volume of thorax decreases
  • So pressure in thorax increases to above atmosphere pressure
23
Q

What happens to limewater when carbon dioxide is bubbled through?

A

Turns cloudy

24
Q

What happens to hydrogen carbonate indicator when carbon dioxide is bubbled through?

A

Turns from red to yellow

25
Q

What is the trachea?

A

It’s a single tube carrying air into the lungs

26
Q

What is the bronchi?

A

They are two tubes that branch off of the trachea and lead to the lungs

27
Q

What are the bronchioles?

A

They are smaller tubes which connect the bronchi to the alveoli

28
Q

What are the effects of smoking on the lungs?

A
  • Lung cancer
  • Increased infections e.g. bronchitis
  • Smokers’ cough - damage to cilia so mucus builds up in the throat
  • Emphysema - decreased surface area in lungs
29
Q

How does smoking affect the blood?

A

Carbon monoxide bings irreversibly to haemoglobin which prevents oxygen transport

30
Q

How does smoking affect the heart?

A
  • Damages the coronary arteries
  • Fast builds up in the artery walls, causes narrowing
  • Clot can form, blocking blood vessel
  • No oxygen to the heart muscle
  • Anaerobic respiration occurs
  • Lactic acid builds up
  • Kills heart tissue

IGCSE Biology (20 decks)

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