GASPAR TEST 1 QUESTIONS Flashcards
A+ (177 cards)
1
Q
FORENSIC SCIENCE
A
SCIENCE TO CRIMINAL AND CIVIL THAT ARE ENFORCED BY POLICE IN A CJS
2
Q
FORENSIC SCIENCE HAS WHICH 4 MAIN FUNCTIONS?
A
RECOGNITION, IDENTIFICATION, INDIVIDUALIZATION, AND RECONSTRUCTION.
3
Q
WHAT TYPE OF SCIENTIST DOES EVIDENCE ANALYSIS?
A
FORENSIC SCIENTIST
4
Q
NAME THE SEVEN SCIENTIFIC METHODS
A
QUESTION RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS TEST DATA COLLECTION CONCLUSION COMMUNICATION
5
Q
UNDER COMMUNICATION A HYPOTHESIS NEEDS TO BE ________ TO BECOME SUITABLE AS ________ __________.
A
VALIDATED; SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE.
6
Q
DOES A FORENSIC SCIENTIST NEED A BACHELORS DEGREE IN WHAT TWO FIELDS? IS A MASTERS DEGREE NECESSARY?
A
YES; NATURAL OR PHYSICAL SCIENCE; NO
7
Q
NAME THE FIVE TYPES OF TRAINING ON THE JOB.
A
MANUAL PROCEDURES PRECEDENCE PROFICIENCY SIMULATIONS
8
Q
WHO IS MATHIEU ORFILA?
A
FATHER OF TOXICOLOGY
9
Q
ALPHONSE BERTILLION
A
ANTHROPOMETRY (P. ID)
10
Q
FRANCIS GALTON
A
FINGERPRINTS
11
Q
LEONE LATTES
A
TYPE FROM DRY B.S.
12
Q
ALBERT OSBORN
A
DOC EXAMINATION
13
Q
HANS GROSS
A
PRINCIPLES TO CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS
14
Q
EDMOND LOCARD
A
GROSS PRINCIPLES IN LAB
15
Q
LOCARD EXCHANGE PRINCIPLE
A
CONTACT CREATES EXCHANGE
16
Q
WALTER MCRONE
A
MICROSCOPY
17
Q
CALVIN GODDARD
A
GUN - COMPARISON MICROSCOPE
18
Q
SIR ALEC JEFFREYS
A
DNA (MEXICO)
19
Q
1923?
A
LAPD LAB
20
Q
USA LABS #
A
400
21
Q
EVIDENCE TECHS WORK..
A
24/7
22
Q
WHAT ENSURES RECOGNIZED AND PROPER COLLECTION OF EVIDENCE?
A
TRAINING
23
Q
OTHER THAN TRAINING FAMILIARITY IS OBTAINED THROUGH
A
LECTURES, TOURS, MANUALS
24
Q
3 REASON FOR CRIME LAB INCREASE:
A
COURT
INUNDATION
DNA
25
CRIME LAB'S 5 SERVICES:
```
PHYSICAL
BIOLOGY
FIREARMS
DOCUMENTS
PHOTOGRAPHY
```
26
5 OPTIONAL SERVICES:
```
TOXICOLOGY
LATENT
POLYGRAPH
VOICEPRINT
CSI
```
27
4 SPECIAL SERVICES:
PSYCHIATRY
ODONTOLOGY
ENGINEERING
COMPUTER
28
3 FX OF FORENSIC SCIENTIST
ANAYLYSIS
TESTIMONY
HANDLING
29
WHAT TWO TECHNIQUES MUST FORENSIC EXPERTS BE SKILLED AT?
PHYSICAL AND NATURAL SCIENCES
30
FORENSIC SCIENTIST TRAIN LAW ENFORCEMENT IN WHAT TWO TYPES OF INTEGRITY?
SCIENTIFIC AND LEGAL
31
ASCLD
American Society of Crime Laboratories Directors
32
What does ASCLD endorses?
p & p
33
LAB
laboratory accreditation board
34
what 3 fx does LAB of ASCLD have?
inspection; interviews; reviews
35
re-inspection every ____years.
5
36
____ly___reports of proof of proficiency.
yearly
37
accreditation happens before or after lab addresses and documents corrections
after
38
all criminalist must be certified. true or false
false
39
what board and what association gives criminalist certifications.
ABC
| IAI
40
Frye
systolic deception test
41
Frye test requires?
sufficiently est. to have gained general acceptance
42
Which standard requires general acceptance?
Frye and Daubert
43
Which case set guidelines for evidence admissibility?
Frye; Because it came before Daubert
44
Daubert asserted what?
Frye is not absolute prerequisite
45
who is the gatekeeper?
judge
46
expert testimony and scientific evidence ultimately is approved by the
Judge (Daubert)
47
what number rule is Federal Rules of Evidence?
702
48
702 allows assistance to judges by a witness on something technical. true or false
true
49
Daubert Criteria
```
tested
peer review
rate of error
standards
acceptance
```
50
GE
reaffirmed judge's gatekeeping on admitting expert testimony
51
Kumho held that. . . .
Daubert applies to all expert testimony not just scientific testimony.
52
6th Amendment says in part. .
speedy
public
confront witness
subpoena witnesses in his favor.
53
Melendez
allows: affidavits, lab certs, and forensic analyst
54
LECTURE 2
crime scenes require (4)
eye
probative
integrity
documentation
55
FRO does what first
medical
56
what does an indirect route accomplish?
minimize disturbance
57
FRO MAIN JOB IS ?
save people's lives
58
Multiple officers: 3 tasks
detaining;
separate;
statements
59
secure the scene
safety
maintains integrity is done by ?
multiple officers
60
Lead detectives do what (5) tasks?
```
walk
entry/exit
location of V
evidence
interests
```
61
Primary crime scene survey (2):
where initial crime occurred
house where murder occurred
62
Secondary crime scene survey (2):
events after crime;
| grave
63
are criminalist always needed?
no
64
what two incidences require criminalists?
homicide
| suspicious activity
65
Criminalist typically do (6) what?
```
check-in
debrief
walkthrough
document
collect
leave (e,s,r,r)
```
66
debriefs covers? (4)
focus
aid
collaboration
remain neutral
67
name five search patterns:
```
line or strip
grid
spiral
wheel
quadrant
```
68
RECORDING METHODS: ideally how many should be employed?
three
69
what two things limit photography?
personnel and money
70
must crime scene notes be in blue or black ink, uniform layout and concurrent with observation. yes or no?
yes
71
what (4) considerations are important in Crime Scene Documentation?
birds eye view
measurements
one visual
reconstruction ability.
72
could a crime scene document be used as DEMONSTRATIVE COURTROOM EVIDENCE? YES OR NO
YES
73
How many pictures must a crime scene have?
4
74
name the four types of required pictures.
overview
medium range
close-up
close-up w/ scale
75
who directs the photographer?
criminalist
76
what is essential in a crime scene?
evidence markers
77
name the three angles in photography.
direct reflective (180)
direct (45)
oblique (15)
78
```
name the collection protocol for the following evidence:
1- fluid
2-hair
3-physical
4-paint
5-fingerprint
6-impression
```
```
1-swab
2-tape
3-entire
4-rep sample
5-dust; develop; tape lift
6-plaster; cast
```
79
when is hair/fiber exempt of tape lift?
when there is a clump of hairs/fibers
80
what two different types of approaches is there for evidence collection?
collect everything
and
narrative approach
81
representative and inconsistent samples are best handled by. . . .
take numerous samples
82
could overdeveloping ruin fingerprint value? yes or no
yes
83
what is heated in developing fingerprints?
super glue
84
large significance is placed on ?
recognizing evidence
85
what est. a crime or a link between a crime and the victim or perp?
physical evidence
86
name the three points of the evidence triangle:
suspect; victim; crime scene.
87
name the three major categories of evidence?
real
demonstrative
testimonial
88
name the 4 types of evidence
direct
circumstantial
exculpatory
probative
89
could tangible evidence be a solid, liquid or gas? yes or no
yes
90
could tangible evidence be a solid, liquid or gas? yes or no
yes
91
what is the basis of all physical evidence?
| clue: principle
Locard's exchange principle
92
name the 6 factors to consider for evidence transfer:
```
degree or intensity
type of material
amount
activity
time
dir or indirect transfer
```
93
name three possible carriers of trace evidence:
clothing
sweepings
fingernail
94
name three materials that always necessary in the collection of evidence:
gloves
forceps
sanitized equipment
95
evidence collection protocol aims to protect what in evidence?
changes, contamination, breakage, evaporation, scratching,
96
if the evidence is not protected could it "ruin" evidence? yes or no
yes
97
name the four required pieces of equipment when handling DNA
latex gloves, facemark, lab coat, disposible forceps
98
name three added protection when handling DNA
overalls, shoe covers, and eye protection
99
how do you open an evidence container?
using blade NOT ON OG SEAL.
100
Forensic evidence relies on what two comparisons?
```
class characteristics &
individual characteristics
```
101
is evidence inclusion and exclusion equally important? yes or no
yes
102
how do you ensure that all tests/techniques are working properly?
positive and negative control preliminary tests are performed.
103
if preliminary tests are not done could there be a false positive and/or negative? yes or no
yes
104
if preliminary tests are not done could there be a false positive and/or negative? yes or no
yes
105
what does probative value depend on?
context
106
highly and poorly probative depend on the story behind the collection (semen suspect vs stranger; husband). true or false
true
107
```
which of these two has an extremely high degree of probability
individual or class characteristics?
```
Individual
108
does object identification involve physical and chemical identification? yes or no
yes
109
what is the object of identification?
to ID as near to absolute certainty as analytical techniques will permit.
110
Id requires a number and type of tests to ID a substance to the point of being able to exclude all other substances. true or false?
true
111
is comparison concerned with common origin? yes or no
yes
112
what are the two types of specimen does comparison handle?
suspect
standard/reference
113
A forensic scientist must be prepared to what? After a comparison analysis?
conclusion with respect to its origin
114
What are select properties
data from the suspect and stnd./reference specimen.
115
what type of characteristic is when evidence could be associated to a common source with an extremely high degree?
"individual"
116
could mathematical exactness be imposed on specimens from a common origin? yes or no
no
117
Give 5 "individual characteristics"
```
1-ridges (fingerprints)
2-striations (bullets; metal)
3-wear (tire, shoes)
4-handwriting
5-parts fit (like puzzle)
```
118
give three class characteristics. . .
1- group association
2- no common origin
3-high diversity of class evidenced
119
give two examples of "class characteristics"
1- blood type
2- paint chips
120
PRODUCT RULE
probability:
f of x of an event
121
PRODUCT RULE
What does a "product rule" allow us to do?
to associate a probability value to evidence samples that are either class or individual in characteristic.
122
PRODUCT RULE
does this rule provide a probability of an occurrence of an event?
yes (i.e. two substances matching).
123
PRODUCT RULE
| In the formula what do you multiply?
"independent f" of certain characteristics
| blood stains associated in OJ case
124
If, linking objects increase, then so does c______ i_______?
criminal involvement
125
if physical evidence from crime scene is found to be "different" from the stand/reference collected from the suspect than it could _ex________ or ex______ the suspect(s).
exonerate or exclude
126
IAFIS
Integrated Automated fingerprint Identification System.
127
CODIS
CO mbind D NA I index S stem.
128
NIBIN
National Integrated Ballistic Information Network
129
SICAR
Shoe Image Capture And Retrieval (>22K)
130
PDQ
Paint Data Query
131
questioned documents are heavy in which legal process - civil or criminal?
civil
132
which legal process is influenced by forensic science? civil or criminal?
criminal
133
Name 5 basic liberties protected by the Bill of Rights
```
1-presumption
2-speedy
3-public
4-counsel
5-confront
```
134
Name 4 more basic liberties protected by the Bill of Rights
1-testify
2-confront (repeat)
3-privacy
4-impartial
135
name the 4 pre-trial steps:
1-charges
2-discovery
3-jury
4-subpoena
136
who opens a criminal case?
prosecution
137
who follows the prosecution?
defense
138
rebuttal is done by who? the defense or the prosecutor
prosecution
139
rejoinder is done by which party?
defense.
140
what is the last step of a trial?
jury deliberation
141
which two characteristics are considered part of the two-prong test for evidence admissibility?
relevance
competent
142
what two prongs fall under "relevant evidence?"
material
probative
143
material evidence
relate to question
144
probative
prove or disprove question at hand
145
What to prongs fall under "competent evidence."
prejudicial
unreliable
146
prejudicial
bias to jury
147
unreliable
is it poisonous
148
goal of litigation? T.V.
truthful verdict
149
what barres untrustworthy or untruthful evidence
relevancy
competency
150
what two types of exams are mandatory for criminalist?
education
| competency
151
could an improper "chain of custody" affect the perception that the wrong personnel were in possession of the evidence? yes or no
yes
152
does an improper "chain of custody" imply that there were times when the evidence was unaccounted for? yes or no
yes
153
Aside from personal protective equipment what is mandatory when handling/analyzing evidence?
Protocol
154
Are internal and external audits performed regularly to labs? yes or no
yes
155
Are all labs accredited? yes or no
no
156
blood samples are related to which case law?
Schmerber V California
157
Name 6 exceptions to the 4th Amendment privileges. . .
```
1-consent
2-warrant
3-abandoned
4-plain view
5-exigent
6-mistake
```
158
Mincey V AZ is about what?
3 reasons that could bypass 4th amendment protections:
1- rendering aid
2-search for perps
3-plain view
159
CA v Greenwood
garbage
160
5th amendment
double jeopardy
compelled to self-incriminate
161
Schmerber v CA
blood
162
Dionisio v US
voice comparisons
163
6th Amendment
speedy
public
confront
subpoena power
164
Melendez v Massachusettss
Expert Witness must be present.
165
name four names related to help the CJS deal with scientific evidence
Frye
Daubert
GE
Kumho
166
GENERAL ACCEPTANCE
FRAY AND DAUBERT
167
DEFINED CRITERIA
DAUBERT
168
VAGUE
FRYE
169
FEDERAL STANDARD
FRYE
170
OLDER
FRYE
171
YOUNGER
DAUBERT
172
DIFFICULT TOWARDS NOVEL APPROACHES
FRYE
173
LESS DIFFICULT TOWARDS NOVEL APPROACHES
DAUBERT
174
Who is the gatekeeper?
judge
175
GE case could not prove what
correlation between lung cancer and carcinogenic chemicals.
176
Kuhmo case was about failure in doing what?
scientific method
repeatability
peer review
177
Kuhmo and Daubert are related how?
Daubert standard applies to all expert opinions.
