Gastro Anatomy & Physiology

Question 1

Absorption site of Iron?

Answer 1

Duodenum & proximal jejunum

Question 2

Absorption site for Vitamin B 12 &Bile salt ?

Answer 2

Terminal ileum

Question 3

Factors that inhibit Gastric acid secretion ?

Answer 3

/ Somatostatin
/ CCK
/ Secretin
/ VIP
/ GIP
/ GLP-1

Question 4

Name the satiety centre?

Answer 4

Ventromedial nucleus of Hypothalamus

Question 5

Name the feeding centre?

Answer 5

Lateral hypothalamic area

Question 6

Location of parietal cell?

Answer 6

Gastric body & secrets HCl & Intrinsic factor

Question 7

Location of chief cell?

Answer 7

Gastric body & secretes Pepsinogen

Question 8

Location of G cell?

Answer 8

Gastric antrum & secretes Gastrin

Question 9

Hormones that modulate satiety?

Answer 9

1. CCK
2. Peptide YY

Question 10

Hormones that enhanced satiety?

Answer 10

1. GIP
2. GLP-1

Question 11

Hormones that stimulate appetite ?

Answer 11

1. Ghrelin
2. Neuropeptide Y

Question 12

Hormones that decrease appetite ?

Answer 12

1. Leptin
2. Propiomelanocortin (POMC)
3. Insulin
4. GLP 1

Question 13

Factors that Increase HCl secretion?

Answer 13

1. Gastrin
2. Ghrelin
3. Acetylcholine
4. Histamine
5. Gastric distension

Question 14

Factors that decrease HCl secretion ?

Answer 14

1. CCK
2. Secretin
3. Somatostatin
4. GIP
5. GLP 1
6. Low pH
7. VIP
8. Atropine
9. Prostaglandin

Question 15

Substance that are absorbed by Na+ dependent co transport ?

Answer 15

• Glucose / Galactose
• Amino acid
• Water soluble vitamins
• Bile acid

Question 16

What are the GI Neurocrines ?

Answer 16

1. VIP
2. Neuropeptide Y
3. NO
4. GRP (Bombesin)
5. Enkephalins

Question 17

How glucose is transported from intestinal lumen to cell?

Answer 17

By Na+ dependent co transport (SGLT 1)

Question 18

How glucose is absorbed from cell to blood?

Answer 18

By facilitated diffusion

Question 19

Key stimulus for Gastric secretion?

Answer 19

Gastrin, Histamin & Acetylcholine

Question 20

Hydrogen ion and Chloride ions are secreted from?

Answer 20

Apical membrane of gastric parietal cell into the lumen of the stomach by a Hydrogen-Potassium adenosine triphosphate (ATPase) ( Proton pump )

Question 21

Which gland secretes ghrelin?

Answer 21

Oxyntic gland

Question 22

What are the protective factors of Gastroduodenal mucosa?

Answer 22

1. Bicarbonate ions, stimulated by Prostaglandin
2. Mucin
3. Trefoil factor family (TFF) peptide

Question 23

Extension of Jejunum ?

Answer 23

It extends from the ligament of treitz to the ileocaecal valve

Question 24

What are the dietary fat consist of ?

Answer 24

Dietery lipid comprises of
1. Long chain triglyceride
2. Cholesterol esters &
3. Lecithin

Question 25

What are the receptors on Enterochromaffin like cell ?

Answer 25

CCK - 2R

Question 26

Receptors on parietal cell ?

Answer 26

1. H2 receptor ( bind histamin ) 2. Ach-R (M3) 3. CCK-2R (Bind gsstrin)

Question 27

Paneth cell is seen in the histology of ?

Answer 27

Small intestine

Question 28

Steps of fat digestion ?

Answer 28

1. Luminal phase 2. Fat solubilization 3. Digestion 4. Absorption 5. Re-esterification 6. Transport

Question 29

Neural control of salivary gland ?

Answer 29

Stimulated by : Parasympathetic & sympathetic nervous system Inhibited by : Sleep, dehydration & Atropine

Question 30

What are the constituents of Bile?

Answer 30

1. Bile salt 2. Phospholipid 3. Cholesterol 4. Bile pigment

Question 31

Properties of Saliva ?

Answer 31

1. High in K+, HCO3- 2. Low Na+, Cl- 3. Hypotonic 4. High volume 5. Formed by parotid, submandibular & sublingual gland

Question 32

1st line defence of small intestine ?

Answer 32

1. Bacteria 2. Mucin 3. Antibacterial products : defensin & immunoglobulin

Question 33

Gastrointestinal mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) constitute ---------------- % of total lymphatic tissue of the body?

Answer 33

25%

Question 34

Dysbiosis is associated with ?

Answer 34

1. IBD 2. Colorectal cancer 3. Hepatocelluar carcinoma 4. DM 5. Obesity 6. Cardiovascular disease 7. Cerebrovascular disease 8. Asthma

Question 35

Functions of Parasympathetic pathways on GI system ?

Answer 35

1. Increase smooth muscle tone 2. Promote sphincter relaxation

Question 36

Function of sympathetic pathways on GI system ?

Answer 36

1. Reduce smooth muscle tone 2. Stimulate sphincter contraction

Question 37

Hormones acting on pancreatic acinus ?

Answer 37

1. CCK 2. Secretin 3. VIP 4. Acetylcholine 5. Bombesin 6. Substance P

Question 38

Hormone that act on pancreatic ductule?

Answer 38

Secretin

Question 39

Motor control of Enteric nervous system ?

Answer 39

Myenteric plexus (Aurbach's plexus)

Question 40

Secretory control of ENS ?

Answer 40

Submucosal plexus (Meissner's plexus)

Question 41

Secretory control of ENS ?

Answer 41

Submucosal plexus (Meissner's plexus)

Question 42

Neurotransmitters that act in enteric nervous system?

Answer 42

1. Acetylcholine 2. Nor adrenaline 3. 5-HT 4. Nitric oxide 5. Substance P 6. Calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP)

Question 43

What is called the pacemaker of GUT?

Answer 43

Interstitial cell of cajal in the circular layer of smooth muscle , act as the pacemaker of the gut.

Question 44

Gut Hormone that causes Acute watery diarrhea ?

Answer 44

VIP

Question 45

Most potent stimulus for Gastrin secretion ?

Answer 45

Phenylalanine & Tryptophan

Question 46

Gut Hormone that is homologous with Gastrin?

Answer 46

CCK ( Five C terminal peptide are same as Gastrin )

Question 47

Gut hormone that is homologous with glucagon ?

Answer 47

Secretin

Question 48

Origin of gastrin ?

Answer 48

Predominantly stomach ( G cell )

Question 49

Origin of Somatostatin ?

Answer 49

Throughout the GI tract ( D cell )

Question 50

Origin of VIP ?

Answer 50

Nerve fibres throughout the GI tract

Question 51

Stimulus for Peptide YY secretion ?

Answer 51

Feeding

Question 52

Gut hormone that has vasodilator action?

Answer 52

VIP

Question 53

Gut Hormone that stimulate insulin release ?

Answer 53

GIP & GLP-1

Question 54

Gut hormone that is secreted by stimulus of Carbohydrates , protein and fat ?

Answer 54

GLP-1

Question 55

Gut hormone that regulate migrating motor complex ?

Answer 55

Motilin