Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Gastroenterology > Gastro-oesophageal Conditions > Flashcards

Gastro-oesophageal Conditions Flashcards

(60 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Risk factors for GORD

A

Obesity, alcohol, smoking, specific foods such as coffee, citrus, spicy foods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Management of GORD

A

Lifestyle changes, PPI therapy, antacids, anti-reflux surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Complications of GORD

A

Ulcers, Barrett’s oesophagus, strictures, adenocarcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Drug management of GORD

A

Antacids, gel formers, PPIs, H2 inhibitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How long are PPIs given for in GORD

A

2-4 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Diagnosis of GORD

A

Clinical based on symptoms that there is a defective lower oesophageal sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Typical symptoms of GORD

A

Dyspepsia, acid regurgitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Atypical symptoms of GORD

A

Epigastric/chest pain, nausea, bloating, belching, laryngitis, tooth decay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Warning signs of GORD

A

Weight loss, anaemia, dysphagia, haematemesis, melaena and persistent vomiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Investigations into GORD

A

Trial of standard PPI, OGD if there are alarm features or atypical, or if relapsing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Type types of peptic ulcers

A

Duodenal and gastric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Presence of duodenal to gastric ulcers

A

4x more duodenal (4:1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Risk factors and causes of peptic ulcers

A

H.pylori (90%), NSAIDs, SSRIs, smoking, stress, type O blood, Zolliger-Ellison Syndrome, improper/irregular meals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Symptoms of duodenal ulcer

A

Weight gain, dyspepsia, upper GI pain, nausea and bloating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What makes a duodenal ulcer symptoms improve

A

pain relieved by eating, and foods such as milk, and also rest and antacids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Symptoms of gastric ulcer

A

Upper GI pain, heartburn, appetitie loss, weight loss, anaemia, dyspepsia, nausea, belching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The aims and goals of therapy for ulcers

A

Relieve symptoms, repair damage and eradicate bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How are symptoms relieved in peptic ulcers

A

Antacids, prostaglandins and gel formers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How is damage repaired in peptic ulcers

A

PPIs and H2 antagonists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Treatment if patients with ulcers are H.pylori negative

A

4-8 weeks of full dose PPI treatment and lifestyle advice. Can give H2 antagonists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Lifestyle advice for peptic ulcers

A

Stop smoking and drinking alcohol, avoid acidic foods, coffee, fatty and spicy foods, weight loss, avoid NSAIDs, steroids, bisphosphonates and SSRIs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Follow up of patients with peptic ulcers

A

Repeat endoscopy 6-8 weeks after to ensure healing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Treatment if patients are H.pylori positive

A

‘Triple therapy’. PPI, H2 antagonist, OTC antacids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Eg of antacids and their use

A

Al hydroxide, Mg trisillicate, Ca and Na bicarbonates. Symptomatic relief

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Side effects of antacids
Al can cause constipation, Mg can cause diarrhoea, risks of malabsorption with other drugs and hypercalcaemia over long time
26
Eg of prostaglandin analogues and use
Misprostol, PGE2, protects mucosa - not used in pregnancy
27
Eg of gel formers and use
Sucralfate, alginate. Forms gel at low pH to protect mucosa
28
Eg of PPIs
Omeprazole, lansoprazole
29
Role of PPIs and H2 antagonists
Inhibit stomach acid secretion
30
What is cautioned in use of PPI
Warfarin interaction, liver disease, can mask gastric cancer
31
Eg of H2 antagonist
Cimetidine, Ranitidine
32
Side effects and cautions of H2 antagonists
Used in caution with those who have renal failure and can mask gastric cancer. Cimetidine inhibits P450 enzyme
33
What is H.pylori
Gram negative bacteria which buries itself into gastric epithelium, releases urease which neuralises pH of stomach and damages epithelium
34
What does H.pylori cause
Approximately 90% of duodenal ulcers
35
Diagnosis of H.pylori
Endoscopy using rapid urease test on gastric biopsy
36
Triple therapy to eradiate H.pylori
Treatment using amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and PPI twice a day for 7 days
37
What happens after the first course of treatment for H.pylori
After 4-8 week retest for H.pylori, if present second course of triple therapy with metronidazole instead of amoxicillin
38
Bacteria causes of gastroenteritis
Staph aureus Bacillus cereus Clostridium perfingens E.coli Campylobacter Salmonella Shigella
39
Viral causes of gastroenteritis
Rotavirus (infantile) norovirus (most common), adenovirus
40
Parasitic causes of gastroenteritis
Cryptosporidium, entamoebahistolytica, giardia intestinalis
41
Management of gastroenteritis
Conservatively with fluid replacement, or oral hydration sachets
42
What are the indications to give antibiotics
If patient is systemically unwell, immunosurpressed or elderly
43
Antibiotic treatments for salmonella and shigella causes of gastroenteritis
Ciprofloxacin
44
Antibiotic treatments for campylobacter causes of gastroenteritis
Macrolide (erythromycin)
45
Antibiotic treatments for cholera causing gastroenteritis
tetracycline
46
Features of norovirus
Abrupt onset, short lived. GI symptoms 24-48 hours after contact
47
What is the cause of Barretts oesophagus
Long standing GORD where chronic acid exposure leads to change in the distal oesophagus to metastatic columnar
48
Low grade dysplasia treatment in BO
High dose PPI, endoscopies every 6 months
49
High grade dysplasia treatment in BO
Endoscopic resection of areas - radiofrequency ablation, photodynamic ablation or laser. If they are fit enough then oesophagectomy.
50
Complications of Barretts oesophagus
Progression to adenocarcinoma
51
What is achalasia
Failure of lower oesophageal sphincter to relax - unknown cause
52
Presentation of achalasia
Gradual onset dysphagia, regurgitation, aspiration, chest pain/heart burn, mild weight loss
53
Endoscope view of achalasia
Dilated oesophagus, residual material
54
Oesophageal manometry achalasia
High pressure and incomplete lower oesophageal sphincter relax
55
What does a barium swallow show of achalasia
Birds beak appearance in advanced disease
56
Management of achalasia
Botulinum toxin injections, calcium channel blockers/nitrates trialled, or surgical Heller's myotomy
57
Causes of variceal bleedings
Most commonly portal hypertension secondary to cirrhosis
58
Management of variceal bleeding
Blood transfusion, vit K, FEP and platelet transfusion, Terlipressin (vasopressin analogue - vasoconstriction), broad spec antibiotics
59
Endoscopic management
Variceal band ligation
60
Signs of variceal bleeding
Dark stools in blood, haematemesis

Gastroenterology (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions