gastroinest

Question 1

What type of epithelium is found in the large intestine?

Answer 1

Simple columnar epithelium with crypts but no villi. 🧫

Question 2

Which cells are more numerous in the large intestine than in the small intestine?

Answer 2

Goblet cells → greater mucus production. 🧪`

Question 3

Where are granular & APUD cells found in the intestine?

Answer 3

At the base of the crypts. 🔬

Question 4

What distinguishes the longitudinal muscle in the large intestine?

Answer 4

It’s incomplete except in the rectum; forms taeniae coli. 💪

Question 5

Where are the taeniae coli absent?

Answer 5

Rectum, anal canal, and appendix. ❌

Question 6

What are the 3 main arteries supplying the GI tract?

Answer 6

Coeliac trunk (T12), Superior mesenteric artery (L1), Inferior mesenteric artery (L3). 🩸

Question 7

What organs does the coeliac trunk supply?

Answer 7

Stomach, superior duodenum, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas. 🍔

Question 8

What are the 3 main branches of the coeliac trunk?

Answer 8

Common hepatic, left gastric, and splenic arteries. 🌿

Question 9

Which artery supplies the gallbladder?

Answer 9

Cystic artery (from right hepatic artery). 🟡

Question 10

What part of the gut does the SMA supply?

Answer 10

Inferior duodenum to proximal half of transverse colon. 🔄

Question 11

What artery supplies the terminal ileum, caecum, appendix?

Answer 11

Ileocolic artery. 🌀

Question 12

What artery supplies the distal ascending colon?

Answer 12

Right colic artery. ➡️

Question 13

: What part of the gut does the IMA supply?

Answer 13

From proximal transverse colon to rectum. 🚽

Question 14

What supplies the descending colon?

Answer 14

Left colic artery. ⬅️

Question 15

What supplies the distal rectum?

Answer 15

: Internal iliac artery branches (not from abdominal aorta). 🩻

Question 16

What veins form the hepatic portal vein?

Answer 16

Superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, and splenic veins. 🧬

Question 17

What is the function of the hepatic portal vein?

Answer 17

Carries nutrient-rich, deoxygenated blood to the liver for processing. ⚗️

Question 18

What causes biliary colic?

Answer 18

Gallstone blocks gallbladder neck or cystic duct. 🪨

Question 19

What are symptoms of gallstone obstruction?

Answer 19

RUQ pain, especially after fatty meals. 🍟

Question 20

What are serious complications of gallstones?

Answer 20

Cholecystitis, cholangitis, pancreatitis. ⚠️

Question 21

What is an Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

Answer 21

A bulge in the aorta ≥1.5x normal size due to wall weakness. 🎈

Question 22

here do most AAAs occur?

Answer 22

Below the renal arteries. 🧍‍♂️

Q:

Question 23

Key signs of ruptured AAA?

Answer 23

: Back pain, low BP, pulsatile abdominal mass. 🆘

Question 24

What are the main structures of the urinary system?

Answer 24

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra. 🚰

Question 25

Main functions of kidneys?

Answer 25

Filter blood, excrete waste, regulate volume and pH. 🧪

Question 26

What are the kidney's anatomical layers?

Answer 26

Outer cortex and inner medulla. 🌰

Question 27

: What is the nephron?

Answer 27

The kidney's functional unit. ⚙️

Question 28

What filters plasma in the nephron?

Answer 28

Glomeruli in Bowman’s capsule. 🩸

Question 29

: What reabsorbs glucose and ions?

Answer 29

Proximal convoluted tubule. 🍬

Question 30

: What structure reabsorbs water?

Answer 30

Loop of Henle. 💧

Question 31

What increases water permeability in the collecting duct?

Answer 31

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH). 🚰

Question 32

Where do renal arteries arise from?

Answer 32

Abdominal aorta below L1. 🛤

Question 33

What vertebral levels are the kidneys located?

Answer 33

T12–L3. 🧍

Question 34

Why is the right kidney lower than the left?

Answer 34

Due to the liver. 🍖

Question 35

What hormones does the adrenal cortex produce?

Answer 35

Cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones. 🧬

Question 36

What hormones does the adrenal medulla produce?

Answer 36

: Adrenaline and noradrenaline. ⚡️