gastrointestinal

Question 1

all of the tongue muscles apart from one are innervated by which nerve

Answer 1

CNXII (hypoglossal)

Question 2

which muscle is NOT innervated by CNXII

Answer 2

palatoglossus (innervated by vagus nerve CNX)

Question 3

constrictor muscles (external layer of pharyngeal muscles) are innervated by what nerve

Answer 3

CNX - vagus nerve

Question 4

inner longitudinal muscles of the pharynx are innervated by what nerves

Answer 4

CNIX (glossopharyngeal) and CNX (vagus)

Question 5

stylopharyngeus is innervated by what nerve

Answer 5

CNIX - glossopharyngeal

Question 6

what nerves stimulate the gag reflex

Answer 6

sensory - CNIX (glossopharyngeal)

motor - CNIX + CNX (glossopharyngeal and vagus)

Question 7

what nerves supply the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue

Answer 7

general sensory - CNV(3) mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve
special sensory/taste - CNVII (facial)

Question 8

what nerves supply the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue

Answer 8

general and special sensory - CNIX (glossopharyngeal)

Question 9

muscles of the jaw that cause closing and opening are innervated by what nerve

Answer 9

CNV(3) - mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve

Question 10

what muscles are involved in closing the jaw

Answer 10

masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid

Question 11

what muscle is involved in opening the jaw

Answer 11

lateral pterygoid

Question 12

what muscle plates are part of the sphenoid bone

Answer 12

pterygoid plates

Question 13

what nerves supply parasympathetic innervation to the GI tract

Answer 13

vagus nerve - up to the distal end of the transverse colon

pelvic splanchnic nerves - (S2, S3, S4) from the descending colon to the anal canal

Question 14

what are the visceral afferent fibres to the foregut

Answer 14

T6-T9

Question 15

what are the visceral afferent fibres to the midgut

Answer 15

T8-T12

Question 16

what are the visceral afferent fibres to the hindgut

Answer 16

T10-L2

Question 17

what is the function of the gallbladder

Answer 17

stores and concentrates bile

Question 18

what is the first branch of the abdominal aorta, at what vertebral level and what does it supply

Answer 18

coeliac trunk, at T12, foregut organs

Question 19

describe the course of the splenic artery

Answer 19

tortuous course, runs along the superior aspect of the pancreas

Question 20

function of spleen

Answer 20

spleen breaks down red blood cells to produce bilirubin

Question 21

what ribs protect the spleen

Answer 21

ribs 9-11

Question 22

what is the blood supply and venous drainage of the foregut

Answer 22

blood supply - coeliac trunk

venous drainage drainage - splenic vein

Question 23

what is the blood supply and venous drainage of the midgut

Answer 23

blood supply - superior mesenteric artery

venous drainage - superior mesenteric vein

Question 24

what is the blood supply and venous drainage of the hindgut

Answer 24

blood supply - inferior mesenteric artery

venous drainage - inferior mesenteric vein

Question 25

what arteries supply blood to the stomach

Answer 25

lesser curvature - right (from hepatic artery) and left (from coeliac trunk) gastric arteries greater curvature - right (from gastroduodenal branch of hepatic artery) and left (from splenic artery) gastro-omental arteries

Question 26

what ribs does the liver lie deep to

Answer 26

ribs 7-11

Question 27

what are the 4 liver lobes

Answer 27

right, left, caudate, quadrate

Question 28

what is the blood supply to the gallbladder

Answer 28

cystic artery

Question 29

what is the name of the space between the liver and diaphragm

Answer 29

subphrenic recess

Question 30

what is the name of the space under the liver

Answer 30

hepatorenal recess

Question 31

what does the portal triad consist of

Answer 31

hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, common bile duct

Question 32

what is the location of where the bile duct joins the pancreatic duct called

Answer 32

they join to form the ampulla of vater

Question 33

what is jaundice caused by

Answer 33

increase in blood levels of bilirubin

Question 34

what is the blood supply to the pancreas

Answer 34

- pancreatic branches of splenic arteries | - superior (from gastroduodenal branch of hepatic artery) and inferior (from SMA) pancreaticoduodenal arteries

Question 35

is the duodenum intra or retro peritoneal

Answer 35

first part - intraperitoneal | second, third and fourth parts = retroperitoneal

Question 36

what are the paracolic gutters

Answer 36

spaces between the colon and the abdominal wall (left and right lateral paracolic gutters), part of the greater sac

Question 37

what is McBurney's point and where is it located

Answer 37

the appendiceal orifice, located on the posteromedial wall of the caecum, 1/3rd of the way between the ASIS and the umbilicus

Question 38

what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate at

Answer 38

L4, bifurcates into common iliacs

Question 39

what is the blood supply to the rectum and anal canal

Answer 39

``` hindgut part - superior rectal artery from IMA somatic part (below pectinate line) - middle and inferior rectal arteries from the internal iliac artery ```

Question 40

what is the main arterial anastomosis in the large intestine called

Answer 40

marginal artery of drummond

Question 41

what is the main anastomosis in the small intestine called

Answer 41

arterial arcade

Question 42

what are the 3 important sites of portal-systemic anastomoses

Answer 42

- distal end of the oesophagus - skin around the umbilicus - rectum/anal canal

Question 43

what muscle is the pelvic floor

Answer 43

levator ani muscle

Question 44

where does the sigmoid colon becomes the rectum

Answer 44

rectosigmoid junction, anterior to S3

Question 45

where does the rectum become the anal canal

Answer 45

anterior to the tip of the coccyx

Question 46

what are the 3 muscles associated with levator ani

Answer 46

- iliococcygeus - pubococcygeus - puborectalis

Question 47

what is the nerve supply to the levator ani

Answer 47

- a branch of the sacral plexus, S3, S4 | - pudendal nerve (S2, S3, S4)

Question 48

what is the function of the pudendal nerve

Answer 48

contraction of the external anal sphincter

Question 49

what is the phrase to describe the nerve root of the pudendal nerve

Answer 49

S2, 3, 4 keeps the pelvis off the floor

Question 50

what is the lymphatic drainage for the structures above the pectinate line

Answer 50

inferior mesenteric nodes

Question 51

what is the lymphatic drainage for structures below the pectinate line

Answer 51

superficial inguinal nodes

Question 52

what is the venous drainage structures below the pectinate line

Answer 52

internal iliac vein

Question 53

what is the venous drainage for structures above the pectinate line

Answer 53

inferior mesenteric artery

Question 54

where is the ischioanal fossae

Answer 54

either side of the anal canal

Question 55

what does bile from the liver travel through

Answer 55

common hepatic duct

Question 56

bile from the gallbladder travels through what

Answer 56

cystic duct into common bile duct