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Human Organs and Tissues > Gastrointestinal > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Flashcards

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1
Q

4 layers of the GI tract

A

Mucosa: epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae
Submucosa: glands, blood vessels, nerves
Muscularis propria/externa: inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layer
Adventitia/Serosa

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2
Q

Circumvallate papillae

A

Dome-shaped
Sunken structures
8-12 of them
Taste buds

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3
Q

Filiform papillae

A

Small conical prominences on lingual surface

No taste buds

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4
Q

Fungiform papillae

A

Mushroom shaped projections on the surface among the filiform but mainly at the tip and lateral margins
Have taste buds on the upper surface

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5
Q

Foliate papillae

A

Short vertical folds on the lateral margins
Taste buds scattered over the surface
Serous glands drain into the fold and clean the taste buds

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6
Q

How many teeth do children vs adults have?

A

Children: 20
Adults: 32

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7
Q

3 major salivary glands

A

Parotid
Sublingual
Submandibular

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8
Q

Function in the salivary glands

  1. Serous cells
  2. Intercalated duct cell
  3. Striated duct cell
A
  1. Secrete amylase - digests starch into maltose
  2. Secretes bicarbonate, absorbs Cl-
  3. Modifies saliva to be hypotonic with plasma
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9
Q

Upper 1/3 of esophagus is…

A

Striated muscle! Voluntary

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10
Q

GERD

A

Gastrointestinal reflux disease
Lower esophageal sphincter fails to close properly
Stomach contents leak back, reflux
Can taste stomach fluid in the back of the mouth
Frequent heartburn

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11
Q

Eosinophilic Esophagitis

A

Inflammation or swelling of the esophagus
Diagnose with endoscopy and biopsy
Large number of eosinophils cause inflammation
Stiffening or narrowing of the esophagus
Can lead to difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)

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12
Q

3 types of stomach glands

A

Cardiac glands
Pyloric glands
Gastric/fundic glands

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13
Q

4 types of cells in the stomach glands

A

Mucous cells
Parietal cells or oxyntic cells
Chief cells
Enteroendocrine cells

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14
Q 
What do
1. Mucous cells
2. Parietal cells or oxyntic cells
3. Chief cells
4. Enteroendocrine cells
secrete?
A
  1. Secretes mucus into the lumen
  2. Secretes HCl, intrinsic factor into lumen and bicarbonate into blood
  3. Pepsinogen (zymogen, gets converted to pepsin) into lumen
  4. hormones - G cells secrete gastrin into blood
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15
Q

How is the stomach unique?

A

Has 3 layers of muscle (oblique muscle is extra)

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16
Q

Barrett’s esophagus

A

Stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus is replaced by simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells
Strong association with esophageal adenocarcinoma

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17
Q

Brunner’s glands

A

Only in the small intestine (submucosa)

Secrete alkaline fluid containing neutral and alkaline glycoproteins and bicarbonate ions

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18
Q

Crypts of Liberkuhn

A

Secrete carbohydrases, proteases, and lipases

In the mucosa

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19
Q

4 principle cell types in the small intestine

A

Enterocytes
Paneth cells
Goblet cells
Enteroendocrine cells

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20
Q 
What do
1. Enterocytes
2. Paneth cells
3. Goblet cells
4. Enteroendocrine cells
secrete?
A
  1. Digest and absorb things
  2. Secrete lysozyme and defensins into lumen
  3. Mucus into lumen
  4. Secretin, CCK, GIP, others into blood
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21
Q

Period acid-Schiff stain

A

Used to detect polysaccharides such as glycogen, and glycoproteins, glycolipids, and mucins

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22
Q

Endopeptidases

A

Cleave the polypeptide at interior bonds

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23
Q

Exopeptidases

A

Cleave the terminal amino acid

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24
Q

2 subclasses of exopeptidases and where they cut

A

Aminopeptidases: cleave off the terminal amino acid at the amine end of the chain
Carboxypeptidases: cleave off the terminal amino acid at the carboxyl end of the chain

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25
Colipase
Binds to the lipidase and enhances its activity by anchoring to the lipid-water interface Free fatty acids and monglyceride are generated, which combine with other lipids and bile salts to form water-soluble micelles
26
Zonula occludens
Tight junctions Proteins are occludins and claudins Most important barrier in making it tight Most apical
27
Zonula adherens
Adherens/intermediate junctions, belle desmosome Cadherins (homophilic) - bind to each other Catenins are linked to cellular actin
28
Desmosomes
Macula adherens Cadherins and desmoplakin linked to intermediate filaments Junction communicates with the skeleton of the cell
29
Plicae circulares
In the small intestine Folds of the mucosa into the lumen (has crypts and villi) Even more surface area
30
Glycocalyx
Acidic mucopolysaccharides and glycoprotein matrix on the apical surface, on the microvilli
31
Gastrin | secreted by, source and stimulus, target organ, response
S: stomach mucosa SS: stomach in response to food TO: stomach, small intestine R: release of HCl, increase of intestine movement, release of pepsinogen
32
Secretin | secreted by, source and stimulus, target organ, response
S: Small intestine SS: duodenum in response to acidic chyme TO: pancreas R: secretion of alkaline digestive proenzyme, inhibits intestine motility
33
Cholecystokinin (secreted by, source and stimulus, target organ, response) More details
``` S: Small intestine SS: intestinal cells in response to food TO: pancreas, gallbladder R: secretion of proenzymes and bile Secreted by I cells in the epithelium Inhibits gastric emptying and gastric acid secretion, stimulates acinar cells of the pancreas to release digestive enzymes, increased production of bile, contraction of the gall bladder, relaxation of the sphincter so bile can enter duodenum ```
34
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide | secreted by, source and stimulus, target organ, response
S: Small intestine (K cells) SS: Intestinal cells in response to fat TO: stomach, pancreas R: insulin secretion, inhibits gastric secretion and motility Actions on fat cells and bone remodelling
35
Haustr
Pouches formed by the taenia coli
36
Taenia coli
3 independent long ribbons of smooth muscle just below the serosa, along the colon length Condensations of the longitudinal muscle layer
37
Cecum functions
Salt recovery (uptake) Lubricates sold waste Bacterial digestion of cellulose
38
Appendix
``` Same histology as the rest of the intestine Small blind ending pouch from the cecum Thickened walls (due to lymphoid tissue) Longitudinal smooth muscle layer does not aggregate into taenia coli ```
39
4 different kinds of epithelium and their location in the large intestin
Simple columnar epithelium in the upper zone Stratified squamous epithelium in the middle and lower zones Simple columnar epithelium of the anal glands Stratified columnar epithelium of the anal sinuses, crypts, and ducts of the anal glands
40
Myenteric Plexus
Aka Auerbach's plexus | Major role in motility and passing food through the digestive tract
41
Submucosal Plexus
Aka Meissner's plexus A secondary plexus Derived and formed by branches that have perforated the circular muscle Innervates the epithelial layer and muscularis mucosae
42
Celiac disease
Genetic predisposition to an autoimmune, crossreactive reaction to gluten (modified by transglutaminase) Pale, loose and greasy stool affecting absorption Range from almost asymptomatic to very bad malnutrition
43
Lactose intolerance
Lack of lactase (cleaves lactose into glucose and galactose) Results in high concentrations of lactose reaching the colon and affecting the osmotic state, passively drawing water into the lumen Normally the amount of lactase declines with age
44
Colitis
Inflammation of the colon Multiple causes Abdominal pain and diarrhea
45
Chron's vs ulcerative colitis
C: inflammation affects the alimentary tract UC: inflammation affects colon and rectum
46
Irritable bowel syndrome
Non-inflammatory symptom based diagnosis | Chronic abdominal pain, discomfort, bloating, and diarrhea/consitpation
47
Diverticulosis
Small weak areas in the colon wall allowing the mucosa to protrude through, forming tiny pouches called diverticuli Usually no problem but can bleed, become inflamed or infected to become diverticulitis
48
Colon polyps
Familial adenomatous polyposis Small growths Some develop into cancer over a long time
49
Occult vs frank blood
O: high GI bleed F: low GI bleed
50
Triad in portal area
Hepatic artery Bile duct Portal vein
51
Sinusoids
Low pressure channels that receive blood from terminal branches of hepatic artery and portal vein and deliver it to central canal Lined with fenestrated endothelial cells and flanked by hepatocytes
52
Space of Disse
Between endothelium and hepatocytes | Plasma accumulates and retrogradely flows back into the lymphatics
53
Kupffer cells
Type of macrophage that engages bacteria coming from the intestine In the sinusoids Deal with foreign particles (gut endotoxins)
54
Stellate cell
Between sinusoid and hepatocytes (in space of Disse) | Make collagen fibrils and ECM materials
55
Hepatocyte function
``` Bile production, uptake and transport Lipid uptake and metabolism Glycogen synthesis Detoxification by p450 enzymes Protein synthesis (ex: albumin, complement, fibrinogen, lipoproteins) ```
56
2 functions of bile
Emulsification of lipid aggregates | Solubilization and transport of lipids
57
Hering's canal
Vessels collecting bile from the canaliculli
58
Bile ducts
Collect bile from Hering's canals | Parallel to hepatic arteries and portal veins
59
Common hepatic duct
Collects bile from hepatic ducts and branches into the cystic duct and then the common bile duct which then empties into the duodenum
60
Jaundice
Increased bilirubin in the blood
61
Cirrhosis
Normal liver cells are replaced by scar tissue due to chronic liver disease Alcohol abuse most common
62
Steatosis
Fatty liver disease | Cholesterol or TAGs accumulate
63
Types of exocrine cells in pancreas
Acinar: secretes digestive enzymes Ductal: secrete bicarb
64
Types of endocrine cells in pancreas
Alpha cells: glucagon Beta: insulin Delta: somatostatin
65
Action, precursor and activator for: 1. Trypsin 2. Chymotrypsin 3. Elastase 4. Carboxy'dase A/B
1. Endopeptidase, trypsinogen, enteropeptidase/enterokinase and trypsin 2. Endopeptidase, chymotrypsinogen, trypsin 3. Endopeptidase, proelastase, trypsin 4. Exopeptidase, procarboxy'dase A/B, trypsin
66
What activates enteropeptidase?
Duodenase
67
Somatostatin
Produced by delta cells in the pancreas | Reduces smooth muscle contractions in tract and gall bladder
68
Pancreatic insufficiency
Lose about 90% ability to secrete digestive enzymes Patients unable to digest food, resulting in malabsorption of nutrients (including vitamins) Impaired absorption of fats causes diarrhea, weight loss, malnutrition
69
Cystic fibrosis
Loss of the CFTR Decreased production of sodium bicarbonate makes secretions dehydrated, thickened, blocking ducts Pancreas continues to make enzymes that damage it, leading to fibrosis
70
Peyer's patches
Mucosal inductive site Where the cells become stimulated Have M cells
71
Intraepithelial lymphocyte
Function is not entirely clear Likely play a role in detecting pathogens or react to infected or damaged (and cancerous) epithelial cells Have cytotoxic properties so are able to kill abnormal cells
72
Histatins
Antifungal properties | Made in salivary glands

Human Organs and Tissues (11 decks)

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