Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Human Organs and Tissues > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

2 layers of skin

A

Epidermis

Dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Is the hypodermis part of the skin?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Main functions of the skin

A

Protective
Immunological (has APCs)
Sensory
Exocrine (sweat, apocrine, sebum, mammary glands)
Endocrine (vitamin D synthesis)
Homeostasis (thermoregulation, water conservation, gas exchange, excretion)
Communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Eccrine sweat glands

A

Throughout skin
Excrete water, salt, urea
Critical for cooling the body
Soles of feet and palms of hands - also underarms, groin, and forehead

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

A 
Axilla and groin only
Develop during puberty
Secrete water and lipids (glycoproteins)
Break down the organic compounds in sweat causing body odor
Pheromones for signalling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Associated with hair follicles
Secrete oils that coat the hair and skin
Protective film
Sebum composed of lipids, triglycerides, waxes, squalene, cholesterol and cell remnants
Secretion controlled by testosterone/androgens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Langerhans cells

A

Immune cells responsible for picking up pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Merkel cells

A

Nerve cells responsible for sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the only type of nerve endings in the epidermis?

A

Unencapsulated (free) nerve endings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

5 layers of the skin

A 
Stratum corneum
S lucidum
S granulosum
S spinosum
S basale
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Thick skin

A

Made up of all 5 layers
Restricted to palms of hands and soles of feet
Lacks hairs and has abundant sweat glands
S spinosum is also thick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Thin skin

A

No stratum lucidum
Has hairs
Covers the rest of your body
S granulosum and corneum are pretty thin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Turnover of skin involves..

A

Cell renewal (mitosis)
Differentiation
Cell death
Exfoliation (sloughing off)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Stratum basale

A 
Also called stratum germinativum
Basal cell layer of epithelia
Rests on basal lamina
Single layer of columnar cells
Has mitotically active keratinocytes, melanocytes, and Merkel cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Melanocytes do not have..

A

Desmosomes

But they do have hemidesmosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Desmosome Structure

A

Adaptor proteins attach keratin filaments to the cytoplasmic plaque
Transmembrane linkers connect adjacent cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Keratin filaments are also known as… (2 names)

A

Tonafilaments

Intermediate filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

Cuboidal to squamous cells with central nuclei
Contains aggregates of keratin called tonafilaments
Responsible for mechanical strength of epidermis
Variable number of cell layers depending on location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Malpighian layer

A

Includes the stratum basale and stratum spinosum

Nearly all the mitotic activity in the epidermis occurs here and cell division occurs only at night

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

Keratinocytes mostly squamous

Contain membraneless keratohyalin granules in this layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

2 types of granules

A 
Keratohyalin granules (membraneless)
Lamellar granules (membrane)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Lamellar granules

A

Fuse with the plasma membrane and release their GAGs and phospholipids into intercellular spaces
May be important in sealing the deeper layers of the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

Only in thick skin
Narrow, acidophilic translucent band of flattened keratinocytes whose nuclei, organelles, and intercellular borders are not visible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Stratum corneum

A

Many layers of dead, plate-like keratinocytes with thickened plasma membranes
No nuclei
Filled with mature keratin
Permeability barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What layer do the nuclei begin to disintegrate in?
The outer layer of the stratum granulosum
26
Where are melanocytes found?
Stratum basale Their dendrites go into the spinosum Attached to basal lamina by hemidesmosomes No desmosome attachment to keratinocytes
27
Highest concentration is found where?
In the cells that are more deeply localized because those are the cells that divide more rapidly
28
What has an impact on skin colour
Melanin and carotene Thickness of the epidermis Number of dermal blood vessels Color of the blood (hemoglobin) in those vessels
29
Melanin
Brown-black pigment formed in cells called melanocytes | Amount of melanin is based on inheritance
30
Hemoglobin
Molecules found in RBC that gives blood its red coloraton It is made of non-protein (heme which contains iron) and the protein (globin)
31
Carotene
Yellowish pigment found in corneum and dermis Plant pigment that enters the body via foood Helps yield the yellow and red skin colors
32
Albinism
Condition where skin does not produce melanin
33
2 step process of tanning
1. Physiochemical reaction darkens preexisiting melanin and releases it rapidly into the keratinocytes 2. Higher rate of melanin synthesis by melanocytes, increases the amount of melanin
34
UVB vs UVA
UVA penetrates deeper into the dermis and damages dermal components Promotes skin aging
35
Aging skin has...
Thinner epidermis and dermis Disorganization Loss of collagen Reduced vascularization
36
Vitamin D synthesis
UVB required to activate 7-dehydrocholesterol in the epidermis to form pre-vitamin D
37
Langerhans cells
Star shaped immune cells Occur mainly in the stratum spinosum APCs that process and present to the lymphocytes any antigenic material that penetrates the skin's surface
38
SALT
Skin associated lymphoid tissue
39
Merkel cells
Few in number Found in basal layer of epidermis Form macula adherens junctions with keratinocytes Cells contain small dense granules similar to neuroendocrine cells Function thought to be sensory or neuroendocrine in nature
40
Glabrous skin
Thick skin | Merkel cell is in close apposition to a plate like nerve ending from a neuron
41
Interpapillary peg
Narrow downgrowth of the epidermis | Divides dermal ridge into 2 secondary dermal ridges
42
Dermis
Vascular connective tissue Variable thickness over different regions Much thicker than the overlying epidermis
43
4 cell types found in the dermis
Fibroblasts Lymphocytes Macrophages Mast cells
44
3 typical structures found in the dermis
Sweat glands Sebaceous glands Hair follicles Most arise from the epidermis
45
2 dermal layers
Papillary layer | Reticular layer
46
Papillary dermal layer
Uneven and forms dermal papillae which increases contact area with the epidermis Composed of loose CT Mainly collagen type 3 Smally immature elastic fibers Contains capillary loops and Meissner corpuscles which are fine touch receptors
47
Reticular dermal layer
Dense irregular connective tissue Gives skin overall strength and elasticity Mainly collagen type 1 Larger elastic fibers Houses glands and hair follicles Rich supply of nerves in both free and encapsulated endings Shunts to control blood flow
48
Arteriovenous anastomoses
In reticular dermal layer | Control the amount of blood reaching the papillary capillaries, aiding in regulating heat loos and blood pressure
49
Hypodermis
``` Subcutaneous layer or fascia Not a true layer of skin Links skin to body proper Variable thickness in different regions of the body Allows for movement of skin over body Full of adipocytes More nerve endings Contains the lymphatics ```
50
Hair follicle
Invagination of the epidermis extending into the dermis
51
Hair shaft
In the center of the follicle Extends above the surface of the epidermis Consists of an inner medulla, cortex, and outer cuticle of the hair
52
Hair bulb
Terminal expanded region of the hair follicle in which the hair is rooted
53
Internal vs external root sheath
Internal: lies deep to the entrance of the sebaceous gland External: direct continuation of the surrounding malpighan layer of the epidermis
54
Glassy membrane
Noncellular layer Thickening of the basement membrane Separates the hair follicle from the surrounding dermal sheath
55
4 types of hair
Lanugo: neonatal, fine, soft hair with no medulla Vellus: post-natal, short, fine shaft, no medulla Intermediate: post natal to 2 years Terminal: post natal and on, long, course shaft, medullated (pigmentated), most common
56
Nail root
Stratum basale and spinosum of epidermis | Forms nail matrix whose cells synthesize the nail plate or body
57
Nail bed
Stratum basale and spinosum of nail | Does not contribute to nail synthesis
58
Nail plate
Closely compacted, keratin enriched with hard interfibrillar material Stratum corneum of the nail
59
Eponychium
Cuticle | Junction between skin and stratum corneum and base of the nail plate
60
3 glands in the skin
Eccrine sweat glands Apocrine sweat glands Sebaceous glands
61
Mammary gland
Modified apocrine sweat glands | Milk producing glands that develop during pregnancy and lactation
62
Functional unit of breast tissue
Terminal duct lobular unit
63
Meissner's corpuscle
Encapsulated unmyelinated nerve ending in the dermal papilla of skin Senses deformation of skin Rapidly adapting Throughout skin, but concentrated in areas sensitive to light tough
64
Pacinian Corpuscle
Lie deep in the dermis, and hypodermis Present in some mucous membranes and joints Mechanoreceptors Respond to pressure or any kind of mechanical stimulus
65
Contact hypersensitivity
Due to allergic reaction to chemical or compound | Hapten specific T cell recognizes the hapten in the skin and causes cell injury = inflammation
66
Psoriasis
Chronic, reoccuring skin disease Produces red, scaly, well defined, patches affecting any part of the skin on your body Areas in inflammation and excessive skin production
67
1. Hyperkeratosis | 2. Parakeratosis
1. Thickening of the stratum corneum | 2. Retained nuclei in the stratum corneum
68
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
``` Rare genetic disorder Caused by defective collagen synthesis Fragile skin Hyperextensible joints Can affect organs ```
69
Bullous pemphigoid
Chronic blistering of the skin Generally in the elderly Autoimmune disorder Caused by loss of attachment of basal keratinocytes to the underlying basement membrane Associated with deposition of immunoreactants at the dermal-epidermal junction
70
Vitiligo
Loss of skin colour | Melanocytes are being destroyed or not functioning properly
71
ABCDEs of skin cancer
``` A: asymmetry B: border C: colour D: diameter E: evolving ```
72
Skin cancer is caused/associated with chronic inflammation of the skin from things such as... (3)
1. Sunburn or excessive sun damage, especially early in life (both UVA/B) 2. Chronic non healing wounds, especially burns 3. Genetic predisposition, including Congenital Melanocytic Nevi Syndrome
73
3 most common types of skin cancer and where the originate from
Basal cell carcinoma: stratum basale keratinocytes Squamous cell carcinoma: stratume spinosum, squamous keratinocytes Melanoma: malignant, stratum basale melanocytes
74
Where are most breast cancers from?
The ducts
75
Epithelial mesenchymal transition
When the breast cancer cells get the ability to invade out of the duct
76
Desmosomes vs Hemidesmosomes
D: linker protein is cadherin H: linker proteins are integrins

Human Organs and Tissues (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions