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Gastrointestinal Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

Typical hollow organ layers

A
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2
Q

Esophagus - describe structure

A

Muscular tube connecting pharynx to stomach

Mucosal lining:

  • SSNKE
  • lamina propria
  • muscularis mucosae

Submucosa:

  • loose CT
  • esophageal glands

Muscularis externa

  • inner circular/outer longitudinal
  • upper 1/3 = skeletal muscle
  • middle 1/3 = skeletal/smooth mixed
  • lower 1/3 = smooth muscle

Adventitia

  • located in thorax

Serosa

  • located in abdominal cavity
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3
Q

ID organ and layers

A

Esophagus

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4
Q

ID organ and describe

A

X-section of esophagus

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5
Q

The plexus in the esophagus is located where and called what

A

Submucosal layer, Meissner’s Plexus

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6
Q

Esophageal glands and ducts

A

Glands are submucosal and mixed seromucous

Ducts are stratified cuboidal

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7
Q

ID Tissue and describe

A

Muscularis externa is the outer third of the esophagus. The outer cells run logitudinally and the inner are circular. Between is the myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus.

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8
Q

ID Tissue and describe

A

muscularis externa (outer section of esophagus) – longitudinal section

Note the mix of longitudinal and circular muscle cells

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9
Q

Gastroesophageal junction

A

AKA squamocolumnar junction

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10
Q

Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A

Results from chronic acid reflux at which point the formally SSNKE esophageal lining is replaced by the cuboidal lining as in the stomach (metaplasia)

Can lead to invasive carcinoma

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11
Q

Three regions of the stomach

A

Cardia

Fundus

Pyloris

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12
Q

Stomach- Cardiac region

A
  • short pits
  • short glands

cells:

  • mostly mucous
  • enteroendocrine
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13
Q

Stomach - Fundic region

A

Thick mucosa

  • short pits
  • long glands

Cells:

  • Enteroendocrine cells
  • Chief cells
  • parietal cells
  • surface epithelium

Smooth muscle cells are elongated into the mucosa

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14
Q

Location of cells in the fundic region of the stomach

A
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15
Q

Parietal cells

A

eosinophilic cells (due to abundant mitochondria) found in the fundic region of the stomach

They secrete HCL and intrinsic factor (vitamin B12 absorbs in the gut)

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16
Q

Chief cells

A

(zymogenic) found in fundic region of stomach

very basophilic

  • secrete pepsinogen, lipase, chymosin
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17
Q

Stomach - pyloric region

A
  • long pits
  • short glands

cells:

  • mostly mucous
  • enteroendocrine
    *
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18
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

is thickened inner circular muscular layer of the stomach

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19
Q

Sections and characteristics of the small intestine

A

duodenum

jejunum

ileum

Characteristics:

  • villi/microvilli
  • plica circulares
  • goblet cells
  • crypts (intestinal glands)
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20
Q

Sections and characteristics of the large intestine

A

cecum

appendix

colon

Characteristics:

  • no villi
  • many goblet cells
  • crypts
  • teniae coli
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21
Q

ID organ and describe

A

Small intestine

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22
Q

Duodenum

A

First part of the small intestine

contains Brunner’s glands which secrete alkaline mucous to neutralize acid chyme (this submucosa gland is diagnostic of the small intestine)

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23
Q

Villi: specializations for digestion and absorption

A

(in small intestine)

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24
Q

How does the epithelium in the small intestine control absorption?

A

With terminal bars

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25
Lymphatic capillary in intestinal villi
Central lacteal Absorbs lipids into the lymphatic
26
Crypts
invaginations into mucosa AKA Crypts of Lieberkuhn Contains: - goblet cells (no microvilli on goblet cells) - paneth cells - enteroendocrine - stem cells
27
How can you tell a cross section of a villi and crypt apart?
28
Goblet cell number increases from...
...proximal to distal intestine
29
Paneth Cells
Found in crypts of small intestine - highly eosinophilic granules of antimicrobial products: - lysozyme - alpha-defensins
30
Enteroendocrin cells
secrete basally into ECM, fenestrated capillaries (FC). Found throughout GI tract, including in crypts of intestine Two types: Open type regulated by luminal contents Closed type regulated by neural & paracrine mechanisms
31
Stem cells
Generate all 4 types: * enterocyte\* * goblet cell\* * enteroendocrine * paneth \*Turnover 5-6 days; this rapid rate renders the cells susceptible to many cancer therapies that target rapidly dividing tumor cells
32
Jejunum
second part of the small intestine; contains plicae circulares or infolding of submucosa
33
Ileum
Distal portion of the small intestine Contains the Peyer's Patch: masses of lymphocytes Most cells in masses of lymphocytes are enterocytes, but there are scattered M cells
34
Microfold "M" Cell
Found scattered on Peyer's Patch in ileum of small intestine M Cells have deep invagination that allow immune cells (T cells, B cells, macrophages, etc) to get as close to the gut lumen as possible By pinocytosis, they sample the environment
35
Deep to the submucosa layer of the small intestine is the...
muscular externa; has inner circular/outer longitudinal layers with myenteric plexus between two muscle layers Note: small intestine also has Meissner's pexus (submucosal)
36
Serosa
AKA visceral peritoneum covers most of small intestine and large intestine
37
Colon
- no villi - many crypts (IGs) - abundant goblet cells * few/no Paneth cells * enteroendocrine * tenia coli
38
Teniae Coli
Found in colon in three bands; longitudinal smooth muscle
39
Surrounding the colon are two structures
Serosa (visceral peritoneum) and adventitia
40
Appendix
Smooth surface, no microvilli is part of lymphoid system with masses of lymphocytes (dark staining masses) lots of crypts has muscularis externa, but no tenia coli (in that way it's more like small intestine)
41
ID organ and describe
42
ID letters
43
Liver functions
Metabolic * Uptake, storage, metabolism & distribution of important nutrients and vitamins * Degradation & conjugation of metabolites and potential toxic substances (endogenous & exogenous) * Iron recycling (especially after splenectomy) Exocrine * Production & secretion of bile (containing bile salts, phospholipids, and cholesterol) Endocrine * Synthesis & secretion into the blood of most plasma proteins: e.g., albumin, α-, β-globulins
44
ID organ and describe tissue
highly cellular organ; plates of hepatocytes function aspects are lobules; corners have portal triads at center of lobule is central vein
45
Structure of liver lobule
portal vein is carry O2 poor/nutrient rich blood from gut to liver O2 rich blood from aorta mixes with that blood bile is working its way out
46
Liver sinusoids
- discontinuous/fenestrated endothelium - overlie perisinusoidal space (Disse) - contain reticular fibers (slow blood flow)
47
Cells of the liver
- polyhedral hepatocytes - Kupffer cells (in the sinusoid, stain darkly) - Ito (stellate) cells * store Vit. A * are activated upon damage (generating scar tissue)
48
Exocrine function of liver: Bile
Exocrine product is bile which is made by hepatocytes Channel between adjacent hepatocytes (plates of hepatocytes) to form bile canuliculi which connects outwards to bile duct (in portal triad)
49
Three types of liver lobules
Cells that are in the middle of the liver acinus recieve most nutrient rich and O2 rich blood
50
Centrilobular necrosis
Zone 3 first to go!
51
Gall Bladder
- storage of bile - concentration of bile (done by epithelium cells) - no muscularis mucosa or submucosa - simple columnar epithelium (no goblet cells) - "false glands” \* - Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses - cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates muscularis contraction - secretin stimulates bicarbonate secretion from bile duct cells
52
ID organ and describe tissue
Gall bladder - storage of bile - concentration of bile - no muscularis mucosa or submucosa - simple columnar epithelium (no goblet cells) - "false glands” \* - Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses - cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates muscularis contraction - secretin stimulates bicarbonate secretion from bile duct cells
53
Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses
Found in gall bladder, continuous with lumen
54
cholecystokinin (CCK)
stimulates muscularis contraction of gall bladder
55
secretin
stimulates bicarbonate secretion from bile duct cells
56
Cholelithiasis
gall stones
57
Pancreas
Exocrine: - lobular organ partitioned by septa - serous acini - zymogen granules containing inactive digestive enzymes - ducts to covey secretions and deliver bicarbonate-rich fluid - acini controlled by CCK - ducts controlled by secretin Endocrine: - Islets of Langerhans (arrows) - rich network of fenestrated capillaries - produces and secretes insulin, glucagon, somatostatin
58
ID organ and describe tissue
Pancreas; tissue has serous acini serous acini: lots of zymogen present in apical end of cell, basally located nuclei. Basophilia with lots of RER
59
Islets of Langerhans
Important in endocrine function of panceas Number of different cell types make a number of different hormones
60
ID Tissue and describe
Interlobular ducts of pancreas embedded within collagen (stains blue) typically have simple cuboidal epithelium
61
ID Tissue and describe
Intralobular duct of pancreas lighter staining nuclei
62
ID Tissue and describe
intralobulat duct of pancreas if nucleus is in plane of section, looks like it's in the lumen of the acinus this is called a centroacinar cell
63
Cystic fibrosis

Histology (11 decks)

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