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anatomy psc2018 > gastrointestinal system > Flashcards

gastrointestinal system Flashcards

1
Q

what does the gastro-intestinal tract consist of?

A
  • oral cavity
  • oesophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
  • anal canal
  • anus
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2
Q

what is associated with the gastrointestinal tract?

A
  • liver
  • gall bladder
  • pancreas
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3
Q

what do the mechanisms of the mouth deal with?

A
  • digestion
  • pathogen defence
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4
Q

what are the mouth and tongue covered by?

A
  • stratified squamous epithelium
  • underlying submucosa containing salivary glands
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5
Q

what are the 3 main salivary glands?

A
  • parotid
  • submandibular (below jawbone)
  • sublingual (below tongue)
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6
Q

what does the submandibular gland secrete?

A
  • serous and mucous saliva
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7
Q

what does the parotid gland secrete?

A
  • serous saliva
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8
Q

what do the sublingual glands secrete?

A
  • mucous saliva
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9
Q

where is saliva produced?

A
  • acini of salvia glands
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10
Q

how is saliva produced?

A
  • by active filtration of ions from blood
  • has similar composition to extracellular fluid
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11
Q

where is composition of the salvia modified?

A
  • in ducts within gland
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12
Q

what does autonomic stimulation of glands do?

A
  • changes composition and volume of saliva secreted
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13
Q

what does parasympathetic stimulation produce?

A
  • large volume of watery saliva
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14
Q

what does sympathetic stimulation produce?

A
  • small amount of mucous saliva
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15
Q

what are the functions of saliva?

A
  • lubrication
  • digestion (by amylase)
  • protection of oral mucosa
  • antibacterial
  • thirst stimulation
  • speech
  • absorption in mouth
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16
Q

what do buccinator muscles do?

A
  • muscles of tongue and cheeks
  • aid pulverisation (chewing) and bolus formation
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17
Q

what do the muscles of mastication do?

A
  • move mandible (lower jaw bone)
  • brings teeth into contact with maxilla teeth (upper)
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18
Q

what is this joint known as?

A
  • temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
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19
Q

what are the 4 muscles of mastication?

A
  • temporalis
  • masseter
  • lateral pterygoid
  • medial pterygoid
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20
Q

what does the temporals do?

A
  • major effector
  • elevate the jaw closing
  • can retract lower jaw is been protruded
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21
Q

what does the masseter do?

A
  • elevates and protrudes the lower jaw
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22
Q

what do the medial and lateral pterygoids do?

A
  • help protrude the lower jaw unilaterally
  • creates sider to side movement
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23
Q

what 2 stages is swallowing divided into?

A
  • pharyngeal
  • oesophageal
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24
Q

what type of control is initiation of swallowing?

A
  • voluntary
  • pharyngeal stage
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25
Q

what happens during swallowing initiation?

A
  • muscles of tongue push bolus posteriorly
  • oral cavity opens into oropharynx
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26
Q

what happens once bolus of food contacts back of pharynx?

A
  • swallow reflex is triggered
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27
Q

what and why is the larynx lifted?

A
  • by muscles of neck (supra hyoid muscles)
  • closes off the airway
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28
Q

what is the swallow reflex?

A
  • soft palate (palatine muscles covered in mucosa) rises to block off nasopharynx
  • elevation of larynx moves the epiglottis over laryngeal opening
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29
Q

what do the pharyngeal constrictors do?

A
  • contract sequentially to push food down pharynx and into oesophagus
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30
Q

what happens once food has entered oesophagus?

A
  • involuntary control/action
  • oesophageal stage
  • smooth muscle pushes food towards stomach
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31
Q

what is the oesophagus?

A
  • muscular tube
  • passes from pharynx to the stomach
  • passing through diaphragm at vertebral level of T10
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32
Q

what is found at junction between oesophagus and stomach?

A
  • physiological sphincter called lower oesophageal sphincter
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33
Q

what does the lower oesophageal sphincter do?

A
  • relaxes when we swallow to allow food to enter stomach
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34
Q

what do bands of muscle from diaphragm allow?

A
  • further increase in tension as oesophagus passes through oesophageal hiatus
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35
Q

what is the oesophagus lined with?

A
  • stratified squamous epithelium
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36
Q

when does a hiatus hernia occur?

A
  • when upper part of stomach squeezes through gap between oesophagus and diaphragm
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37
Q

what are the symptoms of hiatus hernia?

A
  • reflux of stomach contents into oesophagus (gastro-oesophageal reflux)
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38
Q

what is reflux treated with?

A
  • drugs
  • altering lifestyle
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39
Q

what do antacids do?

A
  • neutralise the refluxed stomach contents
  • reduces pain and damaging effects of acid
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40
Q

what can reflux be avoided by?

A
  • eating frequent small meals
  • reducing caffeine, alcohol, spicy meals
  • rating upper body slightly when sleeping
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41
Q

what is optional in severe cases?

A
  • keyhole surgery
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42
Q

what happens in keyhole surgery?

A
  • replaces the stomach in the abdomen
  • strengthens diaphragm surrounding hiatus
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43
Q

what is the common group effected by hiatus hernia?

A
  • overweight middle aged women
  • elderly people
  • pregnant women
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44
Q

what does the stomach act as?

A
  • food blender and reservoir
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45
Q

what pH environment is found in stomach?

A
  • low pH
  • provided by gastric secretion
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46
Q

what does the low pH allow?

A
  • aids digestion
  • provides physiological barrier against pathogens
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47
Q

where is the stomach located?

A
  • J shaped sac
  • lies below diaphragm
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48
Q

what does the stomach open into?

A
  • duodenum (proximal part of small intestine) at pyloric orifice
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49
Q

what are the different parts of the stomach?

A
  • fundus
  • body
  • greater curvature
  • lesser curvature
  • antrum
  • pylorus/pyloric part
  • pyloric sphincter
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50
Q

what are the properties of the stomach mucosa secretions?

A
  • highly acidic
  • contain factors influencing digestion
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51
Q

what do the funds and body of stomach do?

A
  • secrete acid from parietal cells
  • secrete pepsinogen from peptic (chief) cells
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52
Q

what does the antral region of stomach produce?

A
  • endocrine secretion which control gastric secretion and gastric motility
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53
Q

what are the endocrine secretions produced?

A
  • gastrin
  • histamine
  • somatostatin
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54
Q

what allows distension of stomach?

A
  • oblique layer of smooth muscle that allows distension of stomach
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55
Q

what protects the stomach lining from the acid conditions?

A
  • epithelium consists of columnar epithelia
  • tight junctions
  • mucous cells
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56
Q

how do tight junctions protect the stomach?

A
  • prevent damage to underlying tissues from acid secretions
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57
Q

how do mucous cells protect the stomach?

A
  • constitutive secretion of alkaline mucus layer
  • provides mechanical barrier to acid secretions and pathogens
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58
Q

what 3 parts is the small intestine divided into?

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
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59
Q

what can the duodenum be split into?

A
  • superior
  • descending
  • horizontal
  • ascending
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60
Q

where does the superior part travel?

A
  • slightly superiorly and posteriorly at side of vertebral column (L1)
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61
Q

where does the descending part travel?

A
  • inferiorly over part of kidney to L3
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62
Q

where does the horizontal part travel?

A
  • medially to left
  • crosses aorta at L3
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63
Q

where does the ascending part travel?

A
  • superiorly on left of aorta to L2 where becomes jejunum
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64
Q

what does the descending duodenum receive?

A
  • further digestive secretions from liver and gallbladder via common bile duct
  • from pancreas via main pancreatic duct
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65
Q

where does the jejunum begin?

A
  • duodenojejunal junction
  • to left of L2 vertebrae
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66
Q

what is the jejunum?

A
  • middle part of small intestine
  • becomes ileum at an anatomically indistinct junction
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67
Q

what are the jejunum and ileum anchored to posterior body wall by?

A
  • mesentery
  • primary site of nutrient absorption
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68
Q

what is the main function of the large intestine?

A
  • absorption of ions and water
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69
Q

what do muscles of the colon do?

A
  • act to move intestinal contents towards anus
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70
Q

what are the 3 bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in large intestine known as?

A
  • taeniae coli
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71
Q

what regions is the large intestine split into?

A
  • caecum
  • ascending colon
  • transverses colon
  • descending colon
  • sigmoid colon
  • rectum
  • anal canal
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72
Q

what is the caecum?

A
  • pouch of large intestine
  • contains vermiform appendix
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73
Q

where does the ascending colon travel?

A
  • superiorly from right lower to right upper quadrant
  • forms 90 degree bend left into transverse colon (colon flexure)
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74
Q

where does the transverse colon travel?

A
  • from right upper to left upper quadrant
  • forms 90 degree bend into descending colon (left colic flexure)
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75
Q

where does the descending colon travel?

A
  • left upper quadrant to left lower quadrant
  • becomes sigmoid colon
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76
Q

what does the sigmoid colon connect?

A
  • descending colon to rectum
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77
Q

where do the rectum and anal canal sit?

A
  • within pelvic cavity posterior to vagina (female) and prostate (male)
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78
Q

where is the liver located?

A
  • right upper quadrant of abdomen
  • directly beneath diaphragm
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79
Q

what are the functions of the liver?

A
  • glucose storage
  • protein, lipoprotein and cholesterol synthesis
  • digestion (production of bile and bile salts)
  • storage of fat soluble vitamins
  • toxin and drug metabolism and excretion
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80
Q

how does the liver aid glucose storage?

A
  • store glucose and glycogen
  • conversion stimulated by insulin
  • energy store released when blood sugar levels fall
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81
Q

how does the liver help in protein, lipoprotein and cholesterol synthesis?

A
  • synthesis most that act as transporters (mainly albumin)
  • synthesises proteins that act as clotting factors in blood
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82
Q

what does albumin do?

A
  • acts as transporter for many molecules
  • helps maintain reabsorption from tissues into blood
83
Q

what does lack of albumin cause?

A
  • oedema (build up of fluid causing swelling)
84
Q

what does cholesterol do?

A
  • synthesised by liver
  • used directly in cell membranes
  • converted to sex hormones
85
Q

how does the liver help in digestion?

A
  • produces bile salts
  • allows emulsification of intestines to increase SA and allow more absorption
86
Q

how does the liver allow storage of fat soluble vitamins?

A
  • can be stored in fat reserves in liver
  • if not present in diet, body can use its stores
87
Q

how does the liver help in toxin and drug metabolism and excretion?

A
  • liver enzymes metabolise drugs
  • byproducts exerted into bile
88
Q

what is bilirubin and its function?

A
  • released by spleen from breakdown of RBC
  • modified by liver so can be excreted bile
89
Q

what 4 lobes does the liver consist of?

A
  • right
  • left
  • caudate
  • quadrate
90
Q

what is the gallbladder?

A
  • fluid filled sac
91
Q

what does the gallbladder store?

A
  • bile
92
Q

what is the gall bladder made up of?

A
  • fundus
  • body
  • neck
93
Q

what does the neck lead to?

A
  • cystic duct
  • allows transport of bile to and from gallbladder
94
Q

what does the hepatobiliary system look at?

A
  • production and flow of bile
95
Q

what does the bicarbonate content of hepatobiliary system allow?

A
  • alkaline pH
  • decreases the acidity of gastric contents released from stomach
  • prevents damage to intestines
96
Q

what does decrease in pH facilitate?

A
  • emulsion of fats from stomach by salts contained in bile
97
Q

what does emulsification of fats do?

A
  • increases SA of insoluble nutrients
  • increases rate of digestion
98
Q

what do enzymes in the liver breakdown?

A
  • alcohol
  • other drugs products toxic waste products
99
Q

what is bile produced by?

A
  • hepatocytes within liver
100
Q

what are hepatocytes?

A
  • epithelial cells
  • arranged to form 3d lattice
101
Q

what runs between layers of hepatocytes in liver?

A
  • sinusoids
102
Q

what do sinusoids allow?

A
  • close contact between hepatocytes and portal blood supply
103
Q

how are products of hepatocyte function removed?

A
  • via small channels between cells called canaliculi
104
Q

what do the canaliculi drain into?

A
  • bile ducts
105
Q

what does bile drain from the liver via?

A
  • right and left hepatic ducts which join to form common hepatic duct
106
Q

what is the common hepatic duct joined by?

A
  • cystic duct that drain bile from gall bladder
107
Q

what forms the common bile duct?

A
  • unity of cystic duct and common hepatic duct
108
Q

where can bile from common hepatic duct travel?

A
  • up cystic duct to be stored in gallbladder
  • carry on to descending duodenum via common bile duct
109
Q

what happens to stored bile in between meals?

A
  • concentrated by gallbladder
110
Q

what does presence of food in duodenum cause?

A
  • gallbladder contraction
  • bile transport down cystic duct to common bile duct
  • to duodenum
111
Q

what do all the ducts combine to form?

A
  • biliary tract
112
Q

where does the main pancreatic duct join the common bile duct?

A
  • at hepatopancreatic ampulla which opens into duodenum
113
Q

what happens s with an occlusion at ampulla?

A
  • bile and pancreatic enzyme secretion is blocked
114
Q

what is the pancreas?

A
  • elongated gland
  • has endo and exocrine functions
  • accessory to GI tract
115
Q

where is the pancreas located?

A
  • lies horizontally across posterior abdominal wall
  • posterior to stomach
116
Q

what 5 regions is the pancreas split into?

A
  • uncinate process
  • head
  • neck
  • body
  • tail
117
Q

what do exocrine tissues of the pancreas release?

A
  • pancreatic juice
    (major digestive secretion containing digestive enzymes)
118
Q

what are the two components of the pancreatic juice?

A
  • alkaline secretion
  • enzyme rich secretion
119
Q

what is the composition of the alkaline secretion?

A
  • high bicarbonate and low enzyme content
  • helps neutralise acidity of gastric contents
120
Q

what is the composition of enzyme rich secretion?

A
  • contains major enzymes involved in digestion
  • secreted as pre-enzymes that are activated in gut so they don’t digest the pancreas
121
Q

what control is the pancreas under?

A
  • partially under autonomic control
122
Q

what does sympathetic stimulation do?

A
  • decrease secretions
123
Q

what does parasympathetic stimulation do?

A
  • increase secretions
124
Q

where do the exocrine glands secrete the enzymes?

A
  • acinus
  • modified in ducts
125
Q

how is pancreatic juice transported?

A
  • to duodenum via main pancreatic duct
126
Q

how is the hepatopancreatic ampulla formed?

A
  • main pancreatic duct joining to common bile duct
127
Q

what is entrance to descending duodenum controlled by?

A
  • hepatopancreatic sphincter
128
Q

what is the peritoneum?

A
  • layer of connective tissue that covers walls and viscera od abdomen
129
Q

what is the greater omentum?

A
  • reflection or flap of peritoneum tray covers abdominal contents
130
Q

what is the mesentery?

A
  • major reflection of peritoneum from posterior abdominal wall surrounding majority of small intestines
131
Q

what is the peritoneal cavity?

A
  • potential space continuous around all abdominal organs
132
Q

what is the purpose of the peritoneum?

A
  • anchors floppy abdominal organs to posterior body wall so don’t move
  • carries blood supply to organs
133
Q

what are the different types of epithelium?

A
  • simple squamous
  • simple cuboidal
  • simple columnar
  • stratified squamous
  • stratified cuboidal
  • stratified columnar
134
Q

what is the different thicknesses of layers?

A
  • simple = 1 layer
  • stratified = less than 1 layer
  • pseudo stratified = 1 layer pretending to be 2
  • squamous = flat cells
  • columnar = column like cells
135
Q

what does the wall of the digestive tract consist of?

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis externa
  • serosa
136
Q

what 3 components does the mucosa have?

A
  • epithelium
  • lamina propria
  • muscularis mucosa
137
Q

what is the epithelium layer?

A
  • thin layer
  • lines lumen
  • can be simple, stratified, squamous, columnar
  • forms selective barrier that digestive molecules cross
  • contains mucus secreting goblet cells and endocrine cells secreting digestive hormones
138
Q

what is the lamina propria layer?

A
  • layer of loose connective tissue
  • has good blood supply
  • contains lymphatics and white blood cells
  • immunological barrier to pathogens in GI system
139
Q

what is the muscularis mucosa layer?

A
  • consists of thin layer of smooth muscle cells
  • causes localised contractions in mucosa
140
Q

what is the submucosa?

A
  • layer of dense connective tissue
  • contains submucosal plexus
141
Q

what does the submucosal plexus do?

A
  • control secretion and blood flow
  • relays info from gut epithelium and stretch receptors in walls
142
Q

what is the submucosal plexus part of?

A
  • enteric nervous system
143
Q

what is the enteric nervous system?

A
  • branch of autonomic nervous system
  • operates independently of CNS
144
Q

what does the enteric nervous system consist of?

A
  • 2 major plexiglass within GI wall (myenteric and submucosal plexiglass)
145
Q

what is the muscularis externa?

A
  • 2 smooth muscle layers (inner circular and outer longitudinal)
146
Q

what happens along these layers?

A
  • waves of contraction and relaxation forces food alone digestive tract
  • known as peristalsis
147
Q

where does the myenteric plexus lie?

A
  • between layers of smooth muscle
  • involved in control of GI motility
148
Q

what is the serosa layer?

A
  • layer of epithelium that form part of peritoneum
149
Q

what is the purpose of the peritoneum?

A
  • lines abdominal cavity
  • cover all abdominal organs, anchoring them to body wall
150
Q

what is the micro anatomy of the oesophagus?

A
  • upper third = skeletal muscle
  • lower two thirds = smooth muscle
151
Q

where are mucus secreting glands present?

A
  • in lamina propria and submucosa
152
Q

what are the villi?

A
  • finger like projections present throughout small intestine
153
Q

what is the structure of the epithelial surface of the villi?

A
  • simple columnar
154
Q

what forms a brush border?

A
  • microvilli on surfaces of villi
155
Q

what does each villus contain?

A
  • capillary network that transports absorbed amino acids and monosaccharides
  • blind ended lymph vessel that transports absorbed fat
156
Q

where does the capillary network drain?

A
  • portal vein
157
Q

what is the villus considered to be?

A
  • functional unit of absorption
158
Q

what are the 4 specialised cells present within the epithelium of the villi?

A
  • absorptive cells
  • goblet cells
  • granular cells
  • APUD cells
159
Q

where do these specialised cells arise from?

A
  • undifferentiated cells at base of crypts
160
Q

what do the absorptive cells do?

A
  • secrete digestive enzymes
  • absorb nutrients
161
Q

what do the goblet cells do?

A
  • produce mucus that lubricates
  • protects the epithelium from mechanical damage
162
Q

what do the granular cells do?

A
  • secret enzymes
  • protect epithelium from bacteria
163
Q

what do the APUD cells do?

A
  • produce endocrine secretions
  • regulate secretion and motility of GI tract and associated glands
164
Q

where do the absorptive and goblet cels ascend the villi?

A
  • from base of crypts
165
Q

where are the mature cells located?

A
  • tip of villus until they are shed
166
Q

where do granular and APUD cells remain?

A
  • base of crypts
167
Q

what is the micro anatomy of the large intestine?

A
  • not villous
  • simple columnar epithelium
  • contains crypts
168
Q

what cells are present in large intestine?

A
  • goblet
  • absorptive
169
Q

does the small or large intestine have more mucus?

A
  • large
  • has more goblet cells present so more mucus secreted
170
Q

what features are similar in small and large intestine?

A
  • lamina propria
  • muscularis mucosa
  • submucosa
171
Q

what is different about the outer smooth muscle layer?

A
  • surrounds large intestine (expect rectum) but is incomplete
  • divided into 3 separate bands running length of colon
172
Q

what is the incomplete structure known as?

A
  • taeniae coli
173
Q

what is the function of taeniae coli?

A
  • aids peristalsis
  • converge on base of vermiform appendix
174
Q

what is a vermiform appendix?

A
  • surgically useful feature
  • used to identify a grossly infected appendix
175
Q

where is taeniae coli not present?

A
  • rectum
  • anal canal
  • vermiform appendix
176
Q

what is the GI tract supplied by?

A
  • branches of abdominal aorta
177
Q

what is the most superior branch?

A
  • coeliac trunk
  • arises at T12 vertebral level
178
Q

what do the branches of coeliac trunk supply?

A

foregut structures including:
- stomach
- superior duodenum
- liver
- gallbladder
- spleen
- pancreas

179
Q

what does the coeliac trunk split into?

A
  • common hepatic branch
  • left gastric branch
  • splenic arteries
180
Q

what is the stomach supplied by?

A
  • left and right gastric arteries
  • left and right gastroepiploic arteries
181
Q

what is the superior duodenum supplied by?

A
  • superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
182
Q

what is the liver supplied by?

A
  • left and right hepatic arteries
183
Q

what is the gallbladder supplied by?

A
  • cystic artery
184
Q

what is the spleen supplied by?

A
  • splenic artery
185
Q

what is the pancreas supplied by?

A
  • superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
  • pancreatic branches of splenic artery
186
Q

what does the superior mesenteric artery supply?

A
  • midgut structures including small and large intestines
187
Q

where does the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery arise from?

A
  • superior mesenteric artery
188
Q

what does the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery supply?

A
  • inferior part of duodenum, pancreas and anastomoses
189
Q

what are anastomoses?

A
  • union of parts or branches
  • where communication occurs
  • network forming
190
Q

what are arcades?

A
  • branches of superior mesenteric artery that form large loops
191
Q

what do the arcades supply?

A
  • jejunum and ileum
192
Q

what does the ileocolic artery supply?

A
  • terminal ileum
  • caecum
  • vermiform appendix
  • proximal ascending colon
193
Q

what does the right colic artery supply?

A
  • distal ascending colon
194
Q

what does the middle colic artery supply?

A
  • distal transverse colon
195
Q

what does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?

A
  • handgun structures
  • they include large intestines from proximal transverse colon to rectum
196
Q

what does the left colic artery supply?

A
  • descending colon
197
Q

what is the sigmoid colon supplied by?

A
  • sigmoid arteries
198
Q

what does the superior rectal artery supply?

A
  • proximal rectum
199
Q

what is the distal rectum supplied by?

A
  • branches of internal iliac artery
200
Q

what is the blood flowing through intestines full of?

A
  • amino acids
  • monosaccharides
  • poisons
  • toxins
201
Q

where does the blood from capillaries drain into?

A
  • superior and inferior mesenteric veins
202
Q

what do the mesenteric veins join?

A
  • splenic vein to form hepatic portal vein
203
Q

what does the hepatic vein carry?

A
  • deoxygenated blood full of absorbed molecules from intestines to liver

anatomy psc2018 (8 decks)

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