Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

anatomy psc2018 > intro to anatomy > Flashcards

intro to anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is gross anatomy?

A

large, visible structures revealed by dissection
eg. blood vessels, nerves, viscera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is surface anatomy?

A

using palpable surface landmarks to locate internal structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is micro anatomy/histology?

A

cant be seen by the naked eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the anatomical position?

A
  • facing forward
  • arms out, palms facing forward
  • right and left side based from patients view
  • penis erect
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does prone mean?

A

face down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does supine mean?

A

face up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the 6 groups of positional terms?

A
  1. superficial (surface) and deep (within)
  2. proximal (close to centre of body, close to origin) and distal (further away)
  3. medial (towards middle plane) and lateral (further out)
  4. anterior (front) and posterior (back)
  5. ventral (front) and dorsal (back)
  6. superior (upper/towards top) and inferior (lower)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the 4 anatomical planes?

A
  1. transverse
  2. coronal
  3. sagittal
  4. oblique
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the transverse plane?

A
  • splits body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) sections
  • horizontal or axial plane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the coronal plane?

A
  • splits body into anterior and posterior
  • frontal plane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the sagittal plane?

A
  • splits body into left and right sections
  • sits directly in midline of body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the oblique plane?

A
  • splits body at angle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the definition of viscera?

A

the internal organs in the main cavities of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the definition of process?

A

a projection or outgrowth of tissue from a larger body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the definition of tubercle?

A

any round nodule, small eminence, or warty outgrowth found on an anatomical structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the definition of articulate?

A

to form a joint, the action or manner of jointing between bones and/or cartilages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what word does rectus come from?

A

straight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what word does teres come from?

A

rounded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what does the word glosso relate to?

A

tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the definition of intra?

A

inside or within

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the definition of para?

A

beside, alongside of

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the definition of sigmoid?

A

crescent, S shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what word does dura come from?

A

tough or hard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what does hypo mean?

A

under or below

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what does genio relate to?
chin
26
what is the definition of papilla?
nipple or small protuberance
27
what is the meaning of bilateral?
relating to two sides/affects both sides
28
what is meaning of unilateral?
relates to one side/affects one side
29
what is the meaning of ipsilateral?
belonging to or occurring on same site of body
30
what is meaning of contralateral?
relating to the side of the body opposite where the situation is
31
what is the dorsum?
dorsal surface of hand or foot
32
why are vertebral levels used to define location structure?
- only anatomical structure that is consistent between thorax, abdomen and pelvis
33
what are the 4 vertebrae segments?
1. 7 cervival vertebrae C1-C7 (superior) 2. 12 thoracic vertebrae T1-T12 3. 5 lumbar vertebrae L1-L5 4. 5 sacral vertebrae S1-S5 5. coccygeal vertebrae (inferior)
34
what is found in cervical segment?
- spinous process - lamina - pedicle - axis (C2)
35
what is found in thoracic segment?
- vertebral canal - intervertebral foramina - spinous process overlapping inferior vertebra
36
what is found in the lumbar segment?
- intervertebral discs - hipbone - lamina - spinous process - pedicle
37
what is found in the sacrum section?
- lumbosacral angle
38
what are the different body regions?
head and neck trunk thorax abdomen pelvis upper limb lower limb
39
what are the features of the head and neck region?
- contains brain and sensory organs - houses beginning of respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts
40
what does the neck act as?
passageway between head and thorax
41
what does the neck contain?
- blood vessels coming from heart and travelling to head - nerves coming from brain and spinal chord travelling towards more inferior structures
42
what are the two important structures sitting within the neck?
- larynx - oesophagus
43
way are the properties of the trunk?
- central mass of human body
44
what 3 regions is the trunk separated into?
thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities
45
what does the trunk contain?
- thoracic inlet - thoracic cage - thoracic diaphragm - abdomino-pelvic cavity - pelvic inlet - pubic symphysis - pelvic diaphragm
46
what are the features of the thorax region?
- contains heart, lungs and great vessels
47
what is the boundary of the thorax made of?
- thoracic cage and thoracic wall muscles - known as rib cage
48
what are the boundaries of the thorax?
- superior boundary (superior thoracic inlet) - inferior boundary (diaphragm) - posterior boundary (ribs and thoracic vertebrae) - anterior boundary (ribs, costal cartilage and sternum)
49
what is the thoracic cavity?
space within the thoracic cage
50
what are the different regions of the thoracic cavity?
- mediastinum (middle) - left pleural cavity - right pleural cavity
51
where is the abdomen positioned?
- it extends from diaphragm superiorly - anterolateral abdomen wall forms lateral boundaries of abdomen
52
what is the abdomen made up of?
- viscera from gastrointestinal/digestive and genitourinary systems
53
what are the main structures found in the abdominal cavity?
- liver - gallbladder - oesophagus - stomach - spleen - small intestine - large intestine - kidney - adrenal gland
54
what are the 2 models of regions of the abdomen?
9 region model and 4 component model
55
what are the sections in the 9 region model?
- right hypochondrium - epigastric region - left hypochondrium - right flank/lumbar region - umbilical region - left flank/lumbar region - right iliac fossa - hypogastric/suprapubic region - left iliac fossa
56
what are the sections in the 4 quadrant model?
- right upper quadrant - left upper quadrant - right lower quadrant - left lower quadrant
57
what is the pelvic cavity protected and supported by?
ilium ischium pubis
58
what does the ilium articulate (form joint) with?
sacrum posteriorly
59
what are the two subdivisions of the pelvis?
greater false pelvis and lesser true pelvis
60
where is the greater false pelvis located?
between two large ilium bones
61
where is the lesser pelvis located?
deep to the pubic bone inferior to the pelvic inlet
62
what does the pelvic cavity contain?
- structures of the genitourinary tract - differs dependent on sex
63
what are the common features of the male and female pelvic cavity?
- rectum - anal canal - anal aperture - bladder - urethra
64
what are the separate features of female pelvic cavity?
- uterine tube - ovary - uterus - vagina
65
what are the separate features of male pelvic cavity?
- seminal vesicle - ductus deferens - prostate - ejuaculatory duct
66
what does the upper limb consist of?
- shoulder, arm, forearm and hand - attaches to axial skeleton through the scapula - scapula, humorous, radius etc.
67
what does the lower limb consist of?
- thigh, lower leg and foot
68
what is the definition of body systems?
group of body organs that together perform one or more vital functions
69
what are the different body systems humans have?
- integumentary - skeletal - muscular - cardiovascular - respiratory - endocrine - immune - gastrointestinal / digestive - genitourinary/urogenital - nervous
70
define cardiovascular system
- consists of heart, blood vessels, and blood - transports nutrients and oxygen rich blood to body - carries deoxygenated blood to lungs
71
define respiratory system
- consist of nasal cavity, larynx, tracheobronchial tree, lungs - for breathing and gas exchange
72
define skeletal system
- consists of bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments - structural and locomotive function
73
define integumentary system
- includes epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, glands, hair and nerves - largest organ of body - forms physical barrier between internal and external environment
74
define muscular system
- consists of specialised cells called muscle fibres - attached to bones or structures responsible for movement
75
define the genitourinary/urogenital system
- split into urinary and reproductive system - consists of kidney, ureters, bladder, urethra and sexual organs
76
define gastrointestinal / digestive system
- consists of mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas - help body digest food and liquids
77
define immune system
- consists of network of biological processes that protects organism from diseases - detects and responds to wide variety of pathogens
78
define nervous system
- consists of brain, spinal chord, peripheral nerves, sensory organs and other nervous tissue - coordinates actions and sensory information by transmitting signals to and from different parts of body
79
define endocrine system
- messenger system - comprises feedback loops of hormones released by internal glands into circulatory system - regulates target organs
80
what two types of tissue does the skeleton consist of?
connective tissue: bone and cartilage
81
what are the four main functions of the skeleton?
1. protects major organs 2. forms mechanical basis for movement 3. haemopoesis - erythrocytes and B lymphocytes made in bone marrow 4. storage of salts in bone
82
what Is bone?
highly vascular living tissue
83
what are the two types of bone?
compact and spongy
84
what is compact bone?
- strong - dense - provides strength - have superficial layer of it on all bones
85
what is spongy bone?
- cancellous bone - less dense - numerous air spaces - forms core of most bones - bones are lighter so aids movement
86
what is cartilage?
- doesnt have nerve/blood supply like bone does - relies on diffusion to gain nutrients and oxygen - more flexible
87
what is hyaline cartilage?
- most common - present in adults as articular cartilage in joints and supports airways (rings of cartilage)
88
what is fibrocartilage?
- found in articular disks within joints, in intervertebral discs and around edge of ball and socket joints - tougher
89
what is elastic cartilage?
- highly resilient due to elastic fibres contained in its structure - found in external ear, auditory tube, epiglottis and parts of larynx
90
what is the axial skeleton?
- includes all bones along the bodys long axis - includes bones forming skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage
91
what is the appendicular skeleton?
the bones that append to the axial skeleton
92
learn bones on canvas
93
what is osteoporosis?
- disease of ageing - characterised by decrease in bone mass and strength
94
what is osteomalacia?
- has change in proportion of calcified to uncalcified base material
95
what does decreased bone mass lead to?
- increase in fractures as bones more brittle
96
what occurs after a fracture?
- blood vessels in and around the bone rupture and bleed - releases factors that aid repair - clot formed calcifies to become callus joining the pieces together
97
what happens after neck of femur fracture?
- has poor blood supply so in event of fracture incomplete repair is possible - head of femur becomes necrotic - whole joint must be replaced
98
what is the head of femur?
- most proximal part of femur or thigh which articulates with the pelvis at acetabulum
99
what is neck of femur?
joins the head of the femur to the shaft of the femur or thigh bone
100
what is osteomalacia?
soft bones, often caused by Vitamin D deficiency
101
what does necrotic mean?
describes dead tissue, often due to trauma or disease

anatomy psc2018 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions