Gastrointestinal System

Question 1

Primary endocrine and exocrine products of the salivary glands

Answer 1

Salivary amylase

Question 2

Primary endocrine and exocrine products of the stomach

Answer 2

Pepsin, HCl, Gastrin, Intrinsic factor

Question 3

Primary endocrine and exocrine products of the small intestine

Answer 3

Enterokinase, CCK, secretin

Question 4

Forms of disease which affect the GI system

Answer 4

Infections, circulatory diseases, multifactorial diseases, peptic ulcers, inflammation, obstruction, neoplasm

Question 5

Stomatitis

Answer 5

Inflammation of the mouth. Can be caused by herpes, thrush, cancer or canker sores.

Question 6

Oral cancer

Answer 6

Usually squamous cell carcinomas. Usually related to tobacco. Can present as leukoplakia, erythroplakia, ulcer, crater or nodule.

Question 7

Salivary gland disease

Answer 7

Also called sialodenitis. Can be infectious or autoimmune in nature.

Question 8

Presentation of salivary gland disease

Answer 8

Swelling of the glands or dry mouth.

Question 9

Signs and symptoms of esophageal disease

Answer 9

Dysphagia, esophageal pain, aspiration or regurgitation.

Question 10

Dysphagia

Answer 10

Difficulty swallowing

Question 11

Types of esophageal disease

Answer 11

Developmental abnormalities, esophagitis, hernia, achalasia, varices, GERD

Question 12

Esophageal varices

Answer 12

Varicose veins in the esophagus. Due to portal vein hypertension.

Question 13

Causes of esophagitis

Answer 13

Gastric juice, infections or chemical irritants.

Question 14

GERD

Answer 14

Digestive disorder that affects the lower esophageal sphincter. It causes heart burn, chest pain, difficulty swallowing, regurgitation and a lump in the throat.

Question 15

Carcinoma of the esophagus

Answer 15

Makes up 4% of all cancers. Higher incidence in Asia and Africa. Correlates to alcohol and tobacco use. More common in men.

Question 16

Signs and symptoms of carcinoma of the esophagus

Answer 16

Dysphagia, pain, bleeding, bad breath.

Question 17

Melena

Answer 17

Black feces. Caused by blood.

Question 18

Symptoms of stomach and small intestine disease

Answer 18

Pain in midline and upper abdomen, vomiting, bleeding, indigestion, systemic consequences of the poor digestion and pervasive blood loss.

Question 19

Congenital stenosis of the pylorus

Answer 19

The pyloric sphincter is congenitally tight. Must be surgically corrected.

Question 20

Gastritis

Answer 20

Inflammation of the stomach. Can be acute or chronic.

Question 21

Acute gastritis

Answer 21

Caused by stress, shock, food, exogenous chemicals and drugs. Causes erosions and ulcerations in the mucosa.

Question 22

Causes of chronic gastritis

Answer 22

Autoimmune or helicobacter pylori

Question 23

Peptic ulcer causes

Answer 23

HCL and pepsin, mucosal barrier defects, NSAIDS, smoking, helicobacter pylori

Question 24

Signs and symptoms of peptic ulcers

Answer 24

Pain after eating or at night. Pain is temporarily relieved by alkaline agents. Causes nausea, melena, iron deficiency, weight loss.

Question 25

Possible complications of peptic ulcers

Answer 25

Anemia due to blood loss, pancreatitis, perforation, excessive scarring.

Question 25

Gastric tumours

Answer 25

Can be benign polyps, benign stromal tumours or malignant adenocarcinoma or lymphoma

Question 26

Carcinoma of the stomach

Answer 26

Linked to nitrosamines and helicobacter pylori. More common in Japan and Chile.

Question 27

Types of intestinal disease

Answer 27

Congenital, diverticulitis, diverticulosis, vascular disorders, EBD, infections, malabsorption syndrome and neoplasms

Question 28

Diverticulitis

Answer 28

Inflammation and infection of a diverticulum.

Question 29

Diverticulosis

Answer 29

Disease characterized by the formation of diverticulum. These are pouches within the intestinal wall.

Question 30

Hemmorhoids

Answer 30

Varicositis of the anal and perianal region

Question 31

Crohn's disease

Answer 31

Chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Most often involves the terminal ileum and colon. Develops segmentally.

Question 32

Angiodysplagia

Answer 32

Localized vascular lesion of the colon. Causes bleeding.

Question 33

Ischemic bowel disease

Answer 33

Disorders that decrease blood flow to the intestines. Can be caused by emboli or artherosclerosis.

Question 34

Inflammatory bowel diseases

Answer 34

Crohn's and ulcerative colitis. Characterized by recurrent inflammation of the intestines.

Question 35

Symptoms of ulcerative colitis

Answer 35

Diarrhea, rectal bleeding and pain.

Question 35

Ulcerative colitis

Answer 35

Intestinal inflammation that most often involves the large intestine and appendix. Is more diffuse, but typically starts at the rectum and spreads proximally.

Question 36

Symptoms of Crohn's disease

Answer 36

Diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, constipation due to thickened intestines, vitamin deficiency

Question 37

Peak age for inflammatory bowel disease

Answer 37

15-25

Question 38

Identifying features of Crohn's disease

Answer 38

It is segmental and includes the ileum. It can be transmural and cause granulomas, fistulas and cancer.

Question 39

Identifying features of ulcerative colitis

Answer 39

The inflammation is diffuse, it only affects the colon, it causes megacolon and cancer.

Question 40

Types of GI infections

Answer 40

Viral and bacterial

Question 41

Infectious diseases of the small intestine

Answer 41

E coli, cholera, giardia, rotavirus

Question 42

Infectious disease of the large intestine

Answer 42

E coli, shigella, norwalk, entamoeba

Question 43

Giardia lamblia

Answer 43

A protozoal infection that comes from infected water.

Question 44

Diarrhea with origins in the small intestine

Answer 44

Has a large volume with a watery appearance. Doesn't usually contain blood.

Question 45

Diarrhea with origins in the large intestine

Answer 45

Has a smaller volume with a mucoid appearance. Often contains blood.

Question 46

Acute appendicitis

Answer 46

Caused by bacteria becoming entrapped in the appendix, then multiplies and engorges the appendix.

Question 47

Symptoms of acute appendicitis

Answer 47

Fever, abdominal pain that is strongest in the lower right quadrant.

Question 48

Peritonitis

Answer 48

Inflammation of the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity. Caused primarily by enteric bacteria.