Gastrointestinal System 2

Question 1

Signs and symptoms of acute peritonitis

Answer 1

Sharp abdominal pain, rebound tenderness and guarding of abdominal muscles. Peristalsis is slowed to paralysis.

Question 2

Causes of acute peritonitis

Answer 2

Stomach rupture, infection spread from fallopian tubes, ruptured abscess, pancreatitis, rupture of the gallbladder, postsurgical.

Question 3

Acute pancreatitis

Answer 3

Inflammation of the pancreas. Caused by disease of the bile duct and alcoholism.

Question 4

Signs and symptoms of acute pancreatitis

Answer 4

Severe pain radiating to the back. Worse when supine. Abdominal pain and distension, nausea, vomiting, profuse sweating.

Question 5

When does pancreatitis typically show up?

Answer 5

After the consumption of a high fat meal.

Question 6

Irritable bowel syndrome

Answer 6

Condition which affects the large intestine. Causes cramping, pain, ggas, diarrhea and constipation.

Question 7

Causes of intestinal obstruction

Answer 7

Neuromuscular paralysis, some sort of blockage.

Question 8

Fecalith

Answer 8

Hard, stony mass of feces

Question 9

Hernia types

Answer 9

Inguinal, femoral, periumbilical, hiatal

Question 10

Types of malabsorptive syndromes

Answer 10

Poor uptake and processing in intestinal cells, or poor transport of nutrients out of the intestines.

Question 11

Causes of poor digestion

Answer 11

Deficiency of a digestive component (bile, enzymes, HCl) or a bacterial overgrowth.

Question 12

Causes of poor nutrient uptake

Answer 12

Celiac disease, infectious enteritis, Crohn’s disease, Whipple’s disease, short bowel syndrome.

Question 13

Causes of poor nutrient transport from the intestines

Answer 13

Gastrointestinal lymphoma, congestive heart failure with intestinal ischemia.

Question 14

Symptoms of poor protein absorption

Answer 14

Anemia, edema, weakness, weight loss

Question 15

Symptoms of poor lipid absorption

Answer 15

Fatty stool, deficiency of fat soluble vitamis.

Question 16

Large intestinal carcinoma

Answer 16

Fairly common cancer. Has hereditary factors and can be impacted by a western diet.

Question 17

Types of intestinal tumours

Answer 17

Non-neoplastic polyps, benign neoplasms, malignant neoplasms

Question 18

Types of malignant neoplasms common in the intestines

Answer 18

Adenocarcinoma, carcinoid, lymphoma, sarcoma

Question 19

Constipation

Answer 19

Fewer than 3 bowel movements per week. Can be caused by diet, blockages, neural problems or muscle problems.

Question 20

Major diseases of the liver

Answer 20

jaundice, hapatitis, toxic and metabolic hepatic injury, bile duct diseases and tumours

Question 21

Anastomoses in portal hypertension

Answer 21

If blood is forced out of the hepatic portal system before nutrients are processed, it is bad for the other organs.

Question 22

Complications of portal hypertension

Answer 22

Fluid in the abdomen, splenomegaly, hemorrhoids, esophageal varices

Question 23

Jaundice

Answer 23

Yellow discoloration due to elevated blood bilirubin. Is a symptom of some other condition.

Question 24

Types of prehepatic jaundice

Answer 24

Hemolysis, hematoma, Gilbert’s disease

Question 25

Types of hepatic jaundice

Answer 25

Viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, drug-induced liver disease, chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis

Question 26

Causes of posthepatic jaundice

Answer 26

Gallstones in the bile duct, carvicnoma of the pancreas, bile duct or gallblader.

Question 27

Viral hepatitis

Answer 27

Fairly common forms are ABC, but DE also exist. Can also be caused by other viruses like mono, herpes, yellow fever.

Question 28

Hepatitis A infection

Answer 28

Infectious route is fecal to oral. Mild illness with fever, vomiting, jaundice, loss of appetite. Not chronic and does not cause cirrhosis.

Question 29

Hepatitis B infection

Answer 29

Infection is via blood or sexual contact. Causes weakness, nausea, mild liver enlargement, rash and dark urine. 90% will recover, but 10% become chronic and can cause cancer.

Question 30

Hepatitis C infection

Answer 30

Infection is via blood or sexual contact. Symptoms are the same as hep B. 50% will become chronic.

Question 31

Causes of cirrhosis

Answer 31

Alcohol, hepatitis B, C or D, hereditary and autoimmune diseases, drugs.

Question 32

Cirrhosis

Answer 32

Chronic liver disease in which normal liver function and structure is impaired.

Question 33

Ascites

Answer 33

Fluid pockets in the abdomen.

Question 34

Pathogenesis of ascites

Answer 34

Reduced albumin production, portal hypertension, hyperaldosteronism and sodium and water retention.

Question 35

Systemic complications of cirrhosis

Answer 35

Increased bleeding, loss of blood due to bleeding, hepatic encephalopathy, hepatorenal syndrome.

Question 36

Herditary liver diseases

Answer 36

Gilbert's disease, hemochromatosis, Wilson's disease, alpha antitypsin deficiency, pompe disease

Question 37

Gilbert's disease

Answer 37

Benign recurrent jaundice with unconjugated bilirubin.

Question 38

Hemochromatosis

Answer 38

Excessive iron accumulation.

Question 39

Wilson's disease

Answer 39

Excessive copper accumulation in the liver, eye and central nervous system.

Question 40

Alpha antitrypsin deficiency

Answer 40

Accumulation of AAT and cirrhosis

Question 41

Pompe disease

Answer 41

Inherited metabolic disorder.

Question 42

Autoimmune hepatitis

Answer 42

The body develops antibodies to hepatocytes. Found primarily in young women.

Question 43

Primary biliary cirrhosis

Answer 43

Liver disease most common in middle aged women

Question 44

Primary sclerosing cholangitis

Answer 44

Associated with ulcerative colitis, usually in men younger than 40

Question 45

How can the liver acquire infections

Answer 45

Through the biliary ducts, through the blood or through wounds in adjacent structures.

Question 46

Cholelithiasis

Answer 46

Gallstones

Question 47

Gallstones

Answer 47

Usually cholesterol based, but can also be pigmentary stones. Very common, but more common in women.

Question 48

Signs and symptoms of gallstones

Answer 48

Indigestion, pain in the upper right quadrant

Question 49

Cholecystitis

Answer 49

Inflammation of the gallbladder

Question 50

Benign hepatobiliary tumours

Answer 50

Rare, but are either hemangiomas or hepatocellular

Question 51

Malignant hepatobiliary tumours

Answer 51

Can be of epithelial cells, bile ducts, gallbladder or Kupffer cells