GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM

Question 1

Abnormal restriction of the tongue caused by
an abnormally tight frenulum (the membrane
attached to the lower anterior tip of the tongue

Answer 1

ANKYLOGLOSSIA
(TONGUE TIE)

Question 2

Mesentery of the bowel
twisted. Thicker than usual meconium
formation blocking

Answer 2

INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION

Question 2

Arises from an embryonic fault that leaves a
cyst formed at the base of the tongue, which
then drains into a fistula (opening) to the
anterior surface of the neck

Answer 2

THYROGLOSSAL CYST

Question 2

It may occur in conjunction
with cleft lip

Answer 2

CLEFT PALATE

Question 2

Failure of the maxillary and median
nasal process to fuse in intrauterine
life. Small notch in the upper lip and facial
structure up into the floor of the
nose, with even the upper teeth and
the gingiva absent

Answer 2

CLEFT LIP

Question 2

PIERRE ROBIN SYNDROME Triad disorders:

Answer 2

⚬ Micrognathia (small mandible)
⚬ Cleft palate
⚬ Glossoptosis ( a tongue malpositioned downward)

Question 2

Failure of the palatal process to close in intrauterine life. Usually in midline and may
include the hard and soft palate.

Answer 2

CLEFT PALATE

Question 2

TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL ATRESIA AND
FISTULA types: The esophagus ends in a blind pouch; there is a ________ between the distal part of the esophagus and the trachea

Answer 2

tracheoesophageal fistula

Question 2

Extremely hard portion of meconium that has
completely blocked the intestinal lumen,
causing bowel obstruction

Answer 2

MECONIUM PLUG SYNDROME

Question 2

Is a protrusion of abdominal contents
through the abdominal wall at the point
of the junction of the umbilical cord and
abdomen

Answer 2

OMPHALOCELE

Question 2

The herniated organs are usually the
intestines, but they may include the
stomach and the liver. Covered and contained by a thin transparent layer with the umbilical
cord protruding from the sac

Answer 2

OMPHALOCELE

Question 3

Abdominal wall disorder in
which the abdominal organs
are not contained by a
membrane but rather spill
freely from the abdomen

Answer 3

GASTROSCHISIS

Question 3

most common site of intestinal obstruction

Answer 3

Duodenum

Question 3

a management for meconium ileus where this incise the bowel and remove the meconium

Answer 3

Laparotomy

Question 3

Obstruction of the intestinal lumen
by hardened meconium caused by
cystic fibrosis at the ileus level

Answer 3

MECONUM ILEUS

Question 3

Stricture of the anus

Answer 3

IMPERFORATE ANUS

Question 3

Protrusion of the a portion of the
intestine through the umbilical ring,
muscle, and fascia surrounding the
umbilical cord

Answer 3

UMBILICAL HERNIA

Question 3

Protrusion of the abdominal organ (usually the
stomach or intestine) through a defect in the
diaphragm into the chest cavity

Answer 3

DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA

Question 3

Bulging protrusion under the skin at
the umbilicus

Answer 3

UMBILICAL HERNIA

Question 20

Excess of CSF in the ventricles or the subarachnoid space

Answer 20

HYDROCEPHALUS

Question 21

a type of hydrocephalus if fluid reaches the spinal cord

Answer 21

Communicating
Hydrocephalus/Extraventricular hydrocephalus

Question 22

type of hydrocephalus that Block to the passage of CSF

Answer 22

Obstructive Hydrocepahlus/
Intraventricular Hydrocephalus ■

Question 23

Holding a bright light such as flashlight against the skull with the child in a darkened room

Answer 23

Transillumination

Question 24

The term _____ (Latin for “divided spine”) is most often used as a collective term for all spinal cord disorders, but there are well-defined degrees of spina bifida involvement, and not all neural tube disorders involve the spinal cord.

Answer 24

spina bifida

Question 25

• is absence of the cerebral hemispheres • It occurs when the upper end of the neural tube fails to close in early intrauterine life

Answer 25

ANENCEPHALY

Question 26

• Brain growth is so slow that it falls more than three standard deviations below normal on growth charts

Answer 26

MICROCEPHALY

Question 27

Cause might be a disorder in brain development associated with an intrauterine infection such as rubella, cytomegalovirus, or toxoplasmosis.

Answer 27

MICROCEPHALY

Question 28

• occurs when the posterior laminae of the vertebrae fail to fuse

Answer 28

SPINA BIFIDA OCCULTA

Question 29

This occurs most commonly at the fifth lumbar or first sacral level but may occur at any point along the spinal canal.

Answer 29

SPINA BIFIBA OCULTA

Question 31

Meninges covering the spinal cord herniate through unformed vertebrae

Answer 31

MENINGOCELE

Question 32

Appears as a protruding mass, usually approximately the size of an orange, at the center of the back

Answer 32

MENINGOCELE

Question 33

• the spinal cord and the meninges protrude through the vertebrae the same as with a meningocele

Answer 33

MYELOMENINGOCELE

Question 34

Spinal cord ends at the point, so motor and sensory function is absent beyond this point

Answer 34

MYELOMENINGOCELE

Question 35

• Cranial meningocele or myelomeningocele • Occurs most often in the occipital area of the skull but may occur as a nasal or nasopharyngeal disorder

Answer 35

ENCEPHALOCELE

Question 36

• The specific anomaly is a projection of the cerebellum, medulla oblongata, and fourth ventricle into the cervical canal • Causes the upper cervical spinal cord to jackknife backward, obstructing CSF flow and causing hydrocephalus

Answer 36

ARNOLD-CHIARI DISORDER (CHIARI II MALFORMATION

Question 37

• Overgrowth of the neural tube in weeks 16 to 20 of fetal life

Answer 37

ARNOLD-CHIARI DISORDER (CHIARI II MALFORMATION

Question 38

• Congenital skeletal disorders may result from reasons such as maternal drug ingestion, virus invasion during pregnancy, or amniotic band formation in utero.

Answer 38

ABSENT OR MALFORMED EXTREMITIES

Question 39

⚬ Presence of one or more additional fingers or toes

Answer 39

Polydactyly

Question 40

Two fingers or toes are fused

Answer 40

Syndactyly

Question 41

⚬ Indentation of the lower portion of the sternum

Answer 41

Pectus excavatum

Question 42

⚬ the sternum is displaced anteriorly, increasing the anterior-posterior diameter of the chest

Answer 42

Pectus carinatum

Question 43

____ is a term derived from tortus (twisted) and collum (neck)

Answer 43

Torticollis (wry neck)

Question 44

____ occurs as a congenital anomaly when the sternocleidomastoid muscle is injured and bleeds during birth

Answer 44

Torticollis (wry neck)

Question 45

• Premature closure of the sutures of the skull

Answer 45

CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS

Question 46

• Failure of bone growth inherited as a dominant trait

Answer 46

ACHONDROPLASIA (CHONDRODYSTROPHIA)

Question 47

• It causes a disorder in cartilage production in utero

Answer 47

ACHONDROPLASIA (CHONDRODYSTROPHIA)

Question 48

The epiphyseal plate of long bones cannot produce adequate cartilage for longitudinal bone growth, which results in both arms and legs becoming stunted.

Answer 48

ACHONDROPLASIA (CHONDRODYSTROPHIA)

Question 49

• Ankle–foot disorders, popularly called clubfoot

Answer 49

TALIPES

Question 50

Assessment/signs and symptoms of talipes:

Answer 50

⚬ Asymmetry of leg length ⚬ Foot turns in

Question 51

plantarflexion or “horsefoot” position with the forefoot lower than the heel)

Answer 51

Talipes Equinus

Question 52

dorsiflexion; the heel is held lower than the forefoot or the anterior foot is flexed toward the anterior leg

Answer 52

Talipes calcaneus

Question 53

the foot turns in

Answer 53

Varus deviation

Question 54

Improper formation and function of the hip socket; Subluxation or dislocation of the head of the femur; acetabulum of the pelvis is flat

Answer 54

DEVELOPMENTAL HIP DYSPLASIA

Question 55

one knee will appear to be lower than the othe

Answer 55

Galeazzi sign

Question 56

⚬ The maneuver is easily performed by adducting the hip (bringing the thigh towards the midline) while applying light pressure on the knee, directing the force posteriorly. If the hip is dislocatable - that is, if the hip can be popped out of socket with this maneuver - the test is considered positive.

Answer 56

Barlow’s Maneuver

Question 57

⚬ It is performed by an examiner first flexing the hips and knees of a supine infant to 90 degrees, then with the examiner's index fingers placing anterior pressure on the greater trochanters, gently and smoothly abducting the infant's legs using the examiner's thumbs.

Answer 57

Ortolani’s Sign