GASTRO FINALS Flashcards by hhshsjwy, pmmmamnhwg

Also known as gastrointestinal
endoscopy or simply endoscopy,
it’s a medical procedure used to
examine the digestive tract. It
involves inserting a flexible tube
with a light and camera
(endoscope) through the mouth
(upper endoscopy) or rectum
(lower endoscopy) to visualize
and diagnose conditions such as
ulcers, inflammation, tumors, or
bleeding.

Fiberoptic endoscopy

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A procedure used to examine the
large intestine (colon) and rectum.
A long, flexible tube with a
camera (colonoscope) is inserted
through the rectum to check for
abnormalities such as polyps,
tumors, inflammation, or bleeding.
It’s commonly used for colon
cancer screening and diagnosis of
various bowel conditions.

Colonoscopy

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A diagnostic imaging test used
to examine the colon and
rectum. It involves inserting a
liquid contrast material
containing barium into the
colon through the rectum,
followed by X-ray imaging to
detect abnormalities such as
polyps, tumors, or
inflammation.

Barium Enema

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A method of providing nutrition directly
into the gastrointestinal tract when a
person cannot consume food normally. Nasogastric feeding involves passing
a tube through the nose into the stomach, while gastrostomy feeding
involves surgically creating a small
opening in the abdomen and inserting a feeding tube directly into the
stomach.

Enteral Feeding (Nasogastric or
Gastrostomy)

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A method of providing nutrition
intravenously (through a vein)
when the digestive tract cannot
absorb nutrients properly. TPN
delivers a balanced mixture of
nutrients, including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals, directly into the bloodstream.

Total Parenteral Nutrition
(TPN)

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Intravenous therapy involves
administering fluids, medications,
or nutrients directly into a vein
using a needle or catheter. It’s
commonly used for hydration,
administering medications, blood
transfusions, chemotherapy, or
delivering nutrients in cases
where oral or enteral feeding is
not feasible.

IV Therapy

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Surgical procedures that involve creating an artificial opening (stoma) in
the abdomen to divert fecal waste from
the colon (colostomy) or the small
intestine (ileostomy) to an external pouch (ostomy bag) worn on the abdomen. These procedures are often
performed to treat conditions such as
bowel obstruction, inflammatory bowel
disease, colorectal cancer, or trauma
to the digestive tract.

Colostomy or Ileostomy

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Occurs when the body loses more water than it absorbs or absorbs less fluid than it excretes.

ISOTONIC DEHYDRATION

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Occurs when water loss is greater than electrolyte loss.

HYPERTONIC DEHYDRATION

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Disproportionately high loss of electrolytes compared to fluid loss.

HYPOTONIC DEHYDRATION

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Excessive body fluid intake, potentially as serious as dehydration.

OVERHYDRATION

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common occurrence of OVERHYDRATION:

Children receiving IV fluids.

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Results from diarrhea due to excessive loss of sodium (Na⁺) with stool.

METABOLIC ACIDOSIS

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Result from loss of hydrochloric acid (HCl), primarily via loss of chloride ions (Cl⁻).

METABOLIC ALKALOSIS

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lCaused by virus (rotaviruses or adenoviruses)

Diarrhea

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Most common type of food poisoning and a major cause of diarrhea in children

Salmonella

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dx of salmonella

stool culture

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Listeriosis Causative agent:

Listeria monocytogenes

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Causative agent: Organisms of the genus Shigella

Shigellosis (Dysentery)

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A disturbance of the intestinal tract that alters motility and absorption and accelerates the excretion of intestinal contents.

Diarrhea/Gastroenteritis Severe

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The cardiac sphincter and lower
portion of the esophagus are weak,
allowing regurgitation of gastric
contents back into the esophagus

Gastroesophageal Reflux
Disease (GERD)

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The pylorus muscle which is at the distal end of the stomach becomes thickened causing constriction
of the pyloric canal between the stomach and the duodenum and obstruction of the gastric outlet of
the stomach.

Pyloric Stenosis

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🠶 Narrowing of the pyloric sphincter
🠶 Delayed emptying of the stomach

Pyloric Stenosis

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During the operation, the surgeon cuts the tight muscle between the stomach and small intestine. This loosens the muscle so the stomach can empty and food will be able to pass easily into the small intestine.

Pyloromyotomy

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Is the intermittent protrusion of the stomach up through the esophageal opening in the diaphragm. When this occurs, the volume of the stomach is suddenly restricted, leading to periodic vomiting similar to that of gastroesophageal reflux

Hiatal Hernia

Is a shallow excavation formed in the mucosal wall of the stomach, the pylorus, or the duodenum. In infants, ulcers tend to be gastric; in adolescents, they are usually duodenal.

Peptic Ulcer Disease

Peptic Ulcer Disease is Primarily caused by ____

H. Pylori

🠶 Essential for the metabolism of CHO, CHON, fats 🠶 Maintenance of normal blood glucose 🠶 Assist in catabolism of fatty acids and protein and serves as a temporary storage for fat and protein 🠶 Convert indirect to direct bilirubin 🠶 Produces body heat 🠶 Manufactures bile (digestion of fat), fibrinogen

LIVER

Inflammation and infection of the liver

HEPATITIS

Hepatitis A Causative agent:

A picornavirus, hepatitis A virus (HAV)

Hepatitis B Causative agent:

A hepadnavirus; hepatitis B virus (HBV)

_____ is a single-strand RNA virus. Transmission, as with HBV, is primarily by blood or blood products, IV drug use, or sexual contact. The virus produces mild symptoms of disease, but there is a high incidence of chronic infection with the virus.

Hepatitis C (HCV)

______ or the delta form is similar to HBV in transmission, although it apparently requires a coexisting HBV infection to be activated. Disease symptoms are mild, but there is a high incidence of fulminant hepatitis after the initial infection.

Hepatitis D (HDV)

The _____ of hepatitis is enterically transmitted similarly to hepatitis A (fecally contaminated water). Disease symptoms from the E virus are usually mild, except in pregnant women, in whom they tend to be severe

E form

CAUSED BY CONGENITAL ATRESIA, STENOSIS OR ABSENCE OF DUCTS. IT ALSO CAN OCCUR FROM PLUGGING OF BILIARY SECRETIONS.

OBSTRUCTION OF BILE DUCTS

Help to emulsify fats in the duodenum so that they can be more easily digested by pancreatic enzymes

Bile Salts

It also stimulates the peristalsis of the duodenum

Bile Salts

Instilled in the duodenum to relax the bile duct

Magnesium Sulfate (mucus plug)

🠶 a loop of bowel is sutured next to the liver to create a fistula for bile flow between the liver and intestine 🠶 a double-barrelled colostomy is then created (enterostomy)

a Kasai procedure (atresia)

Fibrotic scarring of the liver

CIRRHOSIS(yellow)

from the back-pressure of blood that cannot flow readily through the scarred organ

Portal Hypertension

Distended veins in the esophagus

Esophageal Varices

Surgical replacement of a malfunctioning liver by a donor

Liver Transplantation

Bowel “telescopes” within itself. invagination of one portion of the intestine into another

Intussuception

water-soluble solution instilled into the bowel

Hydrostatic Reduction

Instillation of air

Pneumatic Insufflation

A twisting of the bowel that leads to a bowel obstruction and compromise the blood supply to the loop of intestine involved

Volvulus

The bowel develops necrotic patches, interfering with digestion and possibly leading to a paralytic ileus. Perforation and peritonitis may follow. Result from ischemia or poor perfusion of blood vessels in sections of the bowel

Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Inflammation of the lumen of the appendix which becomes quickly obstructed causing edema, necrosis and pain.

Appendicitis

one third of the way between the anterior superior iliac crest and the umbilicus

Mc Burney’s point

A small pouch of this duct remains, located off the ileum, approximately 18 inches from the ileum– colon junction. In this structure, there may be some misplaced gastric mucosa, which secretes gastric acids that flow into the intestine and irritate the bowel wall.

Meckel’s Diverticulum

sensitivity or abnormal immunologic response to protein, particularly the gluten factor of protein found in grains— wheat, rye, oats, and barley. When children with the disorder ingest gluten, changes occur in their intestinal mucosa or villi that prevent the absorption of foods, especially fat, across the intestinal villi into the bloodstream.

Celiac Disease (Malabsorption Syndrome: Gluten Induced Enteropathy)

•Less than 3 bowel movements per week •Difficulty of passing hardened stool •May cause anal fissures

Constipation

Is a protrusion of a section of the bowel into the inguinal ring

Inguinal Hernia

The distal portion of the bowel lacks nerve innervations because there is no peristalsis in this narrowed segment; the bowel proximal to it distends markedly. Also known as megacolon. It is the result of an absence of ganglion cells in the rectum and, to varying degrees, upward in the colon. This accounts for 20-25% of all neonatal GI obstructions

Hirschsprung's Disease Aganglionic Megacolon

It is the inflammation that involves the rectum and usually extends in the lower part of the colon

Ulcerative Colitis

The wall of the colon becomes thickened and the surface is inflamed, leading to cobblestone appearance of mucosa

Crohn’s Disease

Involves intermittent episodes of loose and normal stools to recurrent abdominal pain

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (Chronic Nonspecific Diarrhea)

the inability to metabolize lactose, because of a lack of the required enzyme lactase in the digestive system.

Lactose intolerance

🠶 It is a disease caused by protein deficiency 🠶 There is a severe wasting of the muscles, but this is marked by edema 🠶 Severe hypoproteinemia

Kwashiorkor

Caused by a deficiency of all food groups, basically a form of starvation

Nutritional Marasmus

Caused by lack of yellow vegetables in diet

Vitamin A Deficiency

Caused by eating polished rice as dietary staple

Vitamin B1 Deficiency

tingling and numbness of extremities, heart palpitations, exhaustion

Beri-beri

Those who eat corn as a dietary staple

Niacin Deficiency

dermatitis which resembles sunburn

Pellagra

Lack of fresh fruit in the diet

Vitamin C Deficiency

Vit C Deficiency Signs and Symptoms:

Scurvy (muscle tenderness and petechiae)

Lack of sunlight

Vitamin D Deficiency

Vit D deficiency treatment/management:

Expose to sunlight (6am-8am)

Lead to either hypothyroidism, or overgrowth of the thyroid gland (goiter) as the gland struggles to produce thyroxine

Iodine Deficiency

• Passageway for food from mouth to esophagus. • Initiates swallowing reflex.

Pharynx

• Mechanical digestion (chewing). • Chemical digestion begins (salivary amylase breaks down starch). • Forms bolus for swallowing.

Mouth (oral cavity)

• Transports food to the stomach via peristalsis. • Lower esophageal sphincter prevents acid reflux.

Esophagus

• Stores food temporarily. • Mechanical digestion (churning). • Chemical digestion of proteins (pepsin, HCl). • Converts bolus into chyme.

Stomach

Receives bile and pancreatic enzymes.

Duodenum

Part of intestine that Absorbs nutrients.

Jejunum

Part of intestine that Absorbs bile salts, vitamin B12.

Ileum

• Absorbs water and electrolytes. • Forms and stores feces. • Houses gut microbiota.

Large Intestine (colon)

• Stores feces. • Controls defecation through anal sphincters.

Rectum & Anus

• Produces bile to emulsify fats. • Processes nutrients, detoxifies substances.

Liver

• Stores and concentrates bile. • Releases bile into duodenum.

Gallbladder

• Produces digestive enzymes (lipase, amylase, proteases). • Secretes bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid.

Pancreas

The process of taking food into the mouth.

Ingestion

Movement of food through the GI tract.

Propulsion

voluntary phase in the mouth.

Swallowing (deglutition)

involuntary, rhythmic muscular contractions that move food along the GI tract.

Peristalsis

Physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces.

Mechanical Digestion

Breakdown of food into simpler nutrients using enzymes.

Chemical Digestion

The transport of nutrients from the GI tract into the bloodstream or lymph.

Absorption

Removal of indigestible substances and waste products as feces.

Elimination

GASTRO FINALS Flashcards

(91 cards)