Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

1.1 Histology, Anatomy and Physiology > Gastrointestinal Tract - Beginning of Tract > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Tract - Beginning of Tract Flashcards

(75 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Give two other names for the mouth.

A

Oral cavity

Buccal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

List the five functions of the oral/buccal cavity.

A
  • Mechanical processing
  • Mastication
  • Analysis of bolus
  • Lubrication (saliva)
  • Limited digestion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is mastication?

A

Chewing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is used to lubricate food?

A

Saliva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

List the seven structures present in the mouth.

A
  • Stratified squamous epithelium
  • Keratinised in places
  • Buccinator muscles
  • Hard & soft palate
  • Palatoglossal arch
  • Palatopharyngeal arch
  • Uvula
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What type of epithelia is found in the mouth?

A

Stratified squamous

Keratinised in places

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Give an example of keratinised epithelia in the mouth?

A

Hard plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name the two plates of the mouth?

A

Soft plate

Hard plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name the two arches of the mouth.

A

Palatoglossal arch

Palatopharyngeal arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What muscles are found in the mouth?

A

Buccinator muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are buccinator muscles?

A

It holds the cheek to the teeth and assists with chewing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How many types of salivary glands are in the mouth?

A

Three

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

List the three salivary glands of the mouth.

A

Submandibular

Parotid

Sublingual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What percentage of your saliva is made by the submandibular gland?

A

70%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What percentage of your saliva is made by the parotid gland?

A

25%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What percentage of your saliva is made by the sublingual gland?

A

5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is present in the mucous from the submandibular gland?

3

A

HCO-3

Mucins

Amylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is HCO-3?

A

Hydrogencarbonate ion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are mucins and amylase both called?

A

Glycoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is present in the mucous from the parotid gland?

A

Amylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is present in the mucous from the sublingual gland?

A

Its just mucous which acts as a lubricant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How many types of teeth are there?

A

Three

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the three different types of teeth?

A

Incisors

Cuspids

Bicuspids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are cuspids also called?

A

Canines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are bicuspids also callled?
Premolars or molars
26
How are incisors shaped?
They are bladed teeth
27
Describe the positioning of incisors.
Central and lateral
28
How are cuspids shaped?
Conical shaped
29
How are bicuspids shaped?
Flattened crows and ridges
30
What do bicuspids do?
Crushing and mashing
31
What is the shape of the pharynx?
"Funnel-shaped"
32
Where is the pharynx?
It extends from the nostrils to the trachea
33
In relation to our voice what is the pharynx often called?
The resonating chamber
34
How many parts are there to the pharynx?
Three
35
What are the three parts of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx Oropharynx Larynx
36
What is the oesophagus?
A hollow muscular tube
37
What are the dimensions of the oesophagus?
25 x 2 cm
38
What is the oesophagus posterior to?
The trachea
39
Where does the oesophagus extend from and to?
Extends from the cricoid cartilage (C6) to the cardiac sphincter of the stomach
40
What is secreted in the oesophagus?
Abundant mucus
41
What causes Barrett's Oesophagus?
GERD
42
What is GERD?
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
43
What happens in Barrett's Oesophagus? | 2
The epithelia adapt to chronic acid exposure from reflux esophagitis The mucosa is replaced by metaplastic columnar epithelium
44
What replaces the mucosa in Barrett's Oesophagus?
Metaplastic columnar epithelium
45
What is Barrett's Oesophagus associated with?
Oesophageal cancer
46
What is oesophagitis?
Inflammation of oesophagus which causes a long term change in tissue - dysplasia
47
What is metaplasia?
Change in epithelia
48
What is deglutition?
Swallowing
49
How many times does one swallow a day?
2400 times a day -> every 40 seconds
50
What are the three phases of deglutition?
Buccal phase Pharyngeal phase Oesophageal phase
51
Is the buccal phase of deglutition voluntary or involuntary?
Voluntary
52
How does the buccal phase of deglutition happen? | 4
The bolus is compressed by the hard palate The tongue pushes the bolus posteriorly The soft plate lifts Bolus enters oropharynx
53
What part of the pharynx does the bolus enter first?
Oropharynx
54
Is the pharyngeal phase of deglutition voluntary or involuntary?
It is involuntary -> its a reflex
55
Describe the involuntary process of the pharyngeal phase of deglutition
It is a pre-programmed all or nothing sequence
56
How does the pharyngeal phase of deglutition occur? | 4
The bolus contacts palatal arches and uvula Receptors relay afferents via trigeminal and glossopharyngeal nerves to swallowing centre in medulla Efferents to pharyngeal constrictor muscles move the bolus into the oesophagus by constricting the pharyngeal wall Elevation of larynx, folding of epiglottis direct bolus past trachea
57
What is inhibited during the pharyngeal phase of deglutition?
Respiration
58
What nerves are involved in the pharyngeal phase of deglutition? (2)
The trigeminal nerve The glossopharyngeal nerves
59
Where is the swallowing centre?
The medulla
60
How is the bolus moved into the mouth?
By constricting the pharyngeal wall
61
What muscles are involved in the pharyngeal phase of deglutition?
The pharyngeal constrictor muscles
62
What happens to the epiglottis during the pharyngeal phase of deglutition?
The epiglottis is folded
63
What happens to the larynx during the pharyngeal phase of deglutition?
The larynx is elevated
64
Describe the oesophageal phase of deglutition. | 4
Involuntary/reflex Primary peristaltic waves drive bolus down oesophagus (10s) Secondary stronger peristaltic waves may be required Local stretch receptors detect distension and peristaltic contractions are modified (submucosal and myenteric plexus
65
Is the oesophageal phase of deglutition voluntary or involuntary?
It is involuntary
66
What drives the bolus down the oesophagus during the oesophageal phase of deglutition?
Primary peristaltic waves
67
How long do the primary peristaltic waves last?
10 seconds
68
What may be required after the primary peristaltic waves?
Secondary stronger peristaltic waves
69
What detects distension of the oesophagus?
Local stretch receptors
70
What is the function of the local stretch receptors in the oesophagus?
They detect distension and peristaltic contractions are modified accordingly
71
What tissues are responsible for the peristaltic contractions?
Submucosal and myenteric plexus
72
What is dysphagia?
Difficulty swallowing
73
What are the four main causes of dysphagia? | 4
Stroke - neurological Cleft palate - genetic Tumour - obstructive Scleroderma - muscular
74
What can be used to help dysphagia? | 2
A nasogastric tube A PEG tube
75
What is a PEG tube?
Percutaneous endoscopic gastronomy tube

1.1 Histology, Anatomy and Physiology (40 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions