GB1: Chapter 1

Question 1

Biosphere

Answer 1

All life on earth, all places where life exists

Question 2

Levels of Biological Organization

Answer 2

Biosphere
Ecosystem
Communities
Population
Organism
Organs
Tissue
Cells
Organelles
Molecules

Question 3

Ecosystem

Answer 3

all living things in a certain area, including nonliving things that interact with life (ex: soil)

Question 4

Communities

Answer 4

the variety of organisms living in a particular ecosystem, population of different organisms in certain ecosystem

Question 5

Populations

Answer 5

Group of individuals of same species interacting (interbreeding) in same specified area

Question 6

Organisms

Answer 6

Individual living things

Question 7

Organs

Answer 7

body part that is made up of multiple tissues with specific functions in body

Question 8

Tissue

Answer 8

group of cells collaborating to perform specialized function

Question 9

Cells

Answer 9

life’s fundamental unit of structure and function

Question 10

organelles

Answer 10

various functional parts in cells (ex: chloroplast)

Question 11

molecules

Answer 11

chemical structure of 2 or more atoms of same/different elements covalently bonded to each other

Question 12

emergent properties

Answer 12

results from the arrangement/interaction of parts within system

Question 13

systems biology

Answer 13

understanding biological system by analyzing interaction among its parts

Question 14

properties of life (11)

Answer 14

• life is ordered, fighting against disorder
• contains information
• evolves
• maintains homeostasis
• requires energy
• growth and development
• dynamic relationship with environment
• reproduction
• emergent properties
• follows structure determines function
• composed of integrated wholes

Question 15

eukaryotic cells

Answer 15

Plants and animals
has membrane-enclosed organelles
DNA is enclosed in nucleus

Question 16

prokaryotic cells

Answer 16

bacteria and archaea
DOES NOT have membrane-enclosed organelles, DNA is in nucleoid (region in cell), NO nucleus

Question 17

gene

Answer 17

basic unit of inheritance, a segment of DNA that has instructions for making a specific protein, which in turn determines a particular trait in organism, passed from parent to offspring

Question 18

gene expression

Answer 18

information in gene directs the production of something

Question 19

genome

Answer 19

library of genetic instructions that an organism inherits

Question 20

energy (2 ways)

Answer 20

energy flows through ecosystem, enters as light and exits as heat

energy is cycled within ecosystem

Question 21

evolution

Answer 21

origin of biodiversity (does NOT explain how life began, not a worldview)

a process where species biologically alter from ancestors through adapting to environment over time

3 main components:
-descent with modification
-change in allele frequency in a population of organism over time
-creation/emergence of new species

Question 22

3 domains of life

Answer 22

bacteria, archaea: single celled prokaryotes
eukarya: multicell eukaryotes

Question 23

4 kingdoms in domain eukarya

Answer 23

plantae, fungi, animalia, protists

distinguished by method of obtaining food

Question 24

natural selection

Answer 24

natural environment “selects” for the propagation of certain traits among a variety of other traits in population

Question 25

inductive reasoning

Answer 25

derive generalizations through specific observations, repeating specific observations can lead to important generalizations

Question 26

deductive reasoning

Answer 26

general premises to specific conclusions

Question 27

abductive reasoning

Answer 27

based on observations to infer to best explanation

Question 28

controlled experiment

Answer 28

compares experimental group with control group

Question 29

independent variable

Answer 29

factor manipulated by researchers, not affected by any variable

Question 30

dependent variable

Answer 30

factor measured by researchers affected by independent variable

Question 31

controlled group

Answer 31

group that doesn't get variable tested, used as standard for comparison with experimental group

Question 32

experimental group

Answer 32

group that gets variable tested, compares with controlled group

Question 33

Scientific method (7 steps)

Answer 33

- observation leads to problems - leads to hypothesis - leads to experiment (and data) - leads to analysis - leads to interpretations - leads to sharing

Question 34

reductionism

Answer 34

builds to complexity; reduces complex systems to simpler components easier to study

Question 35

Theory

Answer 35

hypothesis is tested repeatedly and is supported by a lot of evidence, but still general and broad, can lead to other hypotheses

Question 36

worldview

Answer 36

set of assumptions that we use to make sense of reality; systems of beliefs from which evidence is interpreted and decisions are made

Question 37

ordering biology by relationships/similarities (8)

Answer 37

-domain -kingdom -phylum -class -order -family -genus -species

Question 38

phylum

Answer 38

major group of organisms that share fundamental characteristics

Question 39

class

Answer 39

organisms within a class have more similar shared characteristics than those in another class in same phylum

Question 40

order

Answer 40

group of closely related families sharing similar characteristics ex: order Carnivora includes families like Felidae (cats) and Canidae (dogs)

Question 41

family

Answer 41

organisms from same family would have evolved from same ancestor and share common characteristics

Question 42

genus

Answer 42

species that have been grouped together based on phylogenetic relatedness or specific characteristics

Question 43

species

Answer 43

group of organisms that can interbreed with each other and have fertile offspring

Question 44

proteome

Answer 44

entire set of proteins expressed by cell

Question 45

producers

Answer 45

autotrophs, able to make their own food (plants, through energy from sun, can make glucose)

Question 46

consumers

Answer 46

organism that feeds on other organisms/their remains

Question 47

feedback regulation negative/positive feedback

Answer 47

output or product of process regulates that same process negative: response reduces the initial stimuli positive: end product speeds up its own productionf

Question 48

naturalism

Answer 48

belief that everything can be explained through laws of matter, energy, physics--natural laws--no supernatural force