Gen Flashcards
(16 cards)
What represents the body’s response to injury or invasion by foreign microbes?
Inflammation
Inflammation serves as a protective mechanism to initiate tissue repair and eliminate invading microbes.
What are the two broad categories of inflammatory responses?
Acute and chronic inflammation
Each type is characterized by unique environmental conditions and cellular components.
What is a potential consequence of unchecked or dysregulated inflammation?
Severe morbidity and potentially fatal complications
Autoimmune conditions can arise from disorders of the inflammatory system.
What are the two main mechanisms through which the immune response is mediated?
Innate and adaptive immune mechanisms
Innate immunity responds nonspecifically, while adaptive immunity responds specifically.
What characterizes the acute inflammatory process?
Vascular permeability, edema, and a cellular response dominated by neutrophils
It can be triggered by infections, trauma, tissue necrosis, foreign bodies, and hypersensitivity reactions.
What hypothesis proposed that the immune system is activated by recognizable danger signals?
Matzinger’s danger hypothesis
This theory explains the immune response to nonself stimuli like tissue necrosis.
What are danger (or damage)-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)?
Recognizable danger signals that activate the immune system
DAMPs include host proteins released during tissue damage.
What are pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)?
Unique biochemical properties recognized by the immune system from nonhost invaders
PAMPs are a subset of DAMPs.
What triggers a receptor-mediated immune response during trauma?
The release of endogenous intracellular proteins
These proteins are a subset of DAMPs known as alarmins.
What are alarmins?
Host proteins released during nonprogrammed cell death that recruit innate immune cells
Alarmins are not released during apoptosis.
What do Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize?
PAMPs and alarmins
TLRs are microbial sensors located in the plasma membrane and endosomes.
What is the role of macrophages in the immune response?
Eliminate microbes
Macrophages are critical for both innate and adaptive immune responses.
What do B cells release during the immune response?
Antibodies and cytokines
B cells also mediate memory in the adaptive immune response.
Fill in the blank: The immune response consists of _______ and _______ immunity.
innate, adaptive
True or False: The adaptive immune system responds more quickly than the innate immune system.
False
The adaptive immune system responds more slowly but provides a specialized response.
