Gen Psych Chapter 6: Learning

Question 1

Definition of Learning?

Answer 1

A change in behavior based on experience.

Question 2

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 2

Pairing a neutral stimulus with one that naturally triggers a response.

Question 3

What is an unconditioned stimulus (US)?

Answer 3

Stimulus that elicits naturally-occurring response.

Question 4

What is an unconditioned response (UR)?

Answer 4

Organism’s natural reaction to the US.

Question 5

What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?

Answer 5

Initially, the neutral stimulus becomes conditioned.

Question 6

What is a conditioned response (CR)?

Answer 6

Reaction that resembles UR but its triggered by the previously neutral stimulus

Question 7

How does classical conditioning affect drug overdoses?

Answer 7

If you take the same dose of a drug in a NEW environment, the CS is missing.

Question 8

How does classical conditioning relate to origins of phobias?

Answer 8

A surprising upsetting experience pairs a neutral stimulus with fears.

Question 9

What are the steps of systematic desensitization?

Answer 9

(1) Expose people to small dose of feared stimulus, (2) Coupled with a pleasurable experience, (3) Gives patient a way to relax without the adrenaline of escape.

Question 10

What are the stages of classical conditioning?

Answer 10

(1) Acquisition: Initial learning of behavior, (2): Extinction: When you stop pairing the CS and US, the CR will disappear.

Question 11

What is stimulus generalization?

Answer 11

Stimulus that is similar to CS elicits a CR.

Question 12

What is stimulus discrimination?

Answer 12

The more different the new stimulus is, the less it elicits the CR.

Question 13

What is biological preparedness?

Answer 13

It’s easier to condition some responses than others. These learning tendencies are species-specific. A main reason behaviorism fell.

Question 14

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 14

When a behavior becomes associated with its consequences.

Question 15

What is the main difference between classical and operant conditioning?

Answer 15

Classical is the association between stimuli “passive” while operant is the association between a behavior and its consequence “active.”

Question 16

What is positive reinforcement?

Answer 16

Adding a pleasant stimulus increases behavior.

Question 17

What is a negative reinforcement?

Answer 17

Removing an aversive stimulus increases behavior.

Question 18

What is positive punishment?

Answer 18

Adding an aversive stimulus decreases behavior.

Question 19

What is negative punishment?

Answer 19

Removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease behavior.

Question 20

What is a primary reinforcer?

Answer 20

Stimuli that fulfills physiological needs.

Question 21

What is a secondary reinforcer?

Answer 21

Stimuli that are effective because they are associated with primary reinforers.

Question 22

What is the general rule of punishment and reinforcement?

Answer 22

It’s better to teach reinforcement.

Question 23

What is partial reinforcement?

Answer 23

Only some correct responses are reinforced.

Question 24

What is the partial reinforcement effect?

Answer 24

Behaviors maintained under partial reinforcement are more resistant to extinction than those under continuous reinforcement.

Question 25

What is superstitious behavior?

Answer 25

Organisms have a natural tendency to infer causation from correlation.

Question 26

What is latent learning?

Answer 26

It is learning that can occur without reinforcement. You can learn something cognitively without showing it behaviorally.

Question 27

What is a cognitive map?

Answer 27

A map in minds that help solve a problem

Question 28

What is observational learning?

Answer 28

Behaviors that are acquired after watching others perform it.

Question 29

What are mirror neurons?

Answer 29

Some neurons in models’ and observer’s brains activate when model engages in a behavior.