gender Flashcards
(37 cards)
what is sex?
-concerns whether people are biologically male or female
what is gender?
-concerns the social and psychological characteristics that relate to males and females
supporting evidence for sex-role stereotypes?
-Langois and downs, compared peers and mothers reaction to pre-schoolers play with opposite gender toys. when boys played with girls toys, mothers accepted this but male peers ridiculed and even hit them, demonstrates the intolerance of male peers of cross gendered behaviour and as a result their influence on establishing gender roles.
evaluation of sex-role stereotypes?
-sex-role stereotypes differ culturally suggests that the characteristics associated with sex roles are culturally transmitted, implies that environmental learning is stronger than bio forces in determining stereotypes.
-evidence suggests that sex-role stereotypes are mainly learned through environmental experience, implies that negative stereotypes could be adressed by providing learning experiences for all children that reinforce the idea of equal social roles for men and women.
-may provide restrictive barriers on children for jobs or for families
what did Bem do?
-challenged the idea of tradition femininity and masculinity by adding androgynous to the mix trait wise.
-designed the Bem sex role inventory by 60 items rated on a 7 point scale.
-used this and found that 34% of males and 27% of females are androgynous, supporting the idea that there is more than just masculine and feminine.
what is the role of testosterone?
-first 6-8 weeks males and females are the same
-after the 8th week the gene on the 23rd chromosome instructs the glands in the embryo to release hormones, like testosterone which suppresses the female reproductive system.
what is testosterone?
-hormone that is linked to masculinisation of the brain and male behaviours like competitiveness and agressiveness
what did Hines do?
-studied female babies born to mothers who had been given injections of male hormones during pregnancy to prevent miscarriage. they were found to be more aggressive then normal female children.
what did Dr Money study?
-David Reimer
-twin Bruce suffered damage to his penis and it was decided by Dr Money to raise him as a girl.
-however this failed as at 16 said he felt like a man.
what is oestrogen?
-promotes development and maintenance of female characteristics and regulate menstration.
evidence for oestrogen?
-Pepe found that increasing Oestrogen levels in pregnant baboons led to heightened cortisol production which assisted the development of organs and tissues in foetuses and led to reduced levels of miscarriage by regulating progesterone levels.
what is oxytocin?
-is a hormone which acts as a neurotransmitter and is produced in both sexes.
-helps facilitate childbirth through stimulating contractions and reduces the effects of cortisol.
study for cortisol?
-white-traut et al measured oxytocin levels in saliva production before during and after breastfeeding.
-levels were highest immediately before feeding decreased after and rose, 30 minutes after.
what is Kleinfelter’s syndrome?
-occurs in 1 in 750 males, due to an extra X chromosome which occurs during meiosis.
-males have small testes, and have insufficient levels of testosterone.
-lack the ability to grow facial hair, develop breast tissue and have low fertility level
what is turner syndrome?
-genetic condition that effects 1 in 2200 females and involves having only one complete X chromosome in each cell.
-many issue is non-functioning ovaries, girls not developing breasts during puberty, no periods and infertility.
what did Kohlberg suggest for gender development?
-all children must develop in the same way through the same stages.
what are kohlbergs three stages for gender development?
-stage 1, age 3, basic gender identity, children have an awareness of own sex but believes it can change.
-stage 2, age 4-5, gender stability, awareness that their sex is stable over time but not over situations.
-stage 3, age 6-7, gender constancy, realise that sex stays the same regardless of time or situation
supporting evidence for Kohlbergs stages?
-Slaby and Frey, research into asking children about gender children aged 2 were asked genders of photos of children.
-then asked ‘were you a little boy or girl when you were a baby? will you grow up to be a mummy or daddy?’ children couldn’t answer correctly until 3-4
evaluation of Kohlberg’s stages?
-there is some disagreement over the age of the different stages.
what is the gender schema theory?
-rigid early gender identity is acquired at 3
-children then search for schemas in the environment.
support for Gender schema theory?
-Martin, showed toys to children 4-5 and the toys were labelled beforehand as boys or girls toys.
-the labelling of the toy effected the choosing.
evaluation of the gender schema theory?
-overemphasis of the role of the individual in gender development and does not pay enough to social factors like parenting.
-ignores the role of reward and punishment
-emphasis how schemas develop but not why
what did freud believe about gender development?
-Oedipus complex, during the phallic stage boys develop sexual desires for their mother and jealous of father. afraid of father and therefore give up love for mother and identify with farther and therefore gender identity is formed at phallic stage at 3-6.
-Electra complex, girls experience penis envy and resent their mother for loving their father. eventually girls put the desire into having children and identify with their mother.
how does SLT believe that gender develops?
-learned from the environment through observational learning.
-children pay attention, encode this into their behaviour and then may imitate, this is more likely to happen with similar people and how the people react to the model they are watching relates to wether the child immitates.
-ARMM.
