gender

Question 1

atypical gender development- gender dysphoria

Question 2

atypical gender development- biological explanations- BST

Answer 2

-brain sex theory
-BST involved in emotional responses + male sexual behaviour in rats
-larger in men than women, female sized in trans females (Kruijver 2000)
-size of the sex they identify with
-fits with people who have felt wrong sex wince birth (Zhou 1995)

Question 3

atypical gender development- biological explanations- genetic basis

Answer 3

-Coolidge et al (2002), 157 twin pairs (MZ and DZ) suggest 62% of cases could be accounted for by genetic variance
-Haylens et al found 39% of their sample of MZ twins were concordant for GD but none of DZs

Question 4

atypical gender development- social explanations- social constructionist

Answer 4

-gender is invented by society, not biological, dysphoria arises because of the need to select a gender
-therefore not a disorder

-e.g. (McClintock) studied males born with female genitals due to genetic condition
-at puberty they changed and accepted as females then males
-only seen as abnormal after contact with west

Question 5

atypical gender development- social explanations- psychoanalytic theory

Answer 5

-Ovesey and Person said GD in males caused by kid experiencing separation anxiety before gender is established
-boy fantasises about fusion with mother to remove fear of separation
-Stoller found GD in males did describe over close mother son relationships

Question 6

culture and gender roles- nature vs nurture

Answer 6

nature= gender behaviour consistent across cultures, innate or biological
nurture= culturally specific due to influence of shared norms

Question 7

culture and gender roles- role of nurture

Answer 7

Mead (1935)- Samoa
1.arapesh- people gentle and responsive (like stereotype of femininity)
2.mundugmor- aggressive and hostile (stereotype of masculinity)
3.tchambuli- women dominant and men passive (opposite)

Question 8

culture and gender roles- role of nature

Answer 8

Buss (1995)- 37 countries
-women sought men offering wealth and resources
-men looked for youth and physical attractiveness
-Munroe and Munroe (1975) found in most societies division of labour is organised along gender lines

Question 9

media and gender roles- same sex media role models preferred

Answer 9

-children most likely to imitate role models of same sex
-maximises chance of gender appropriate behaviour being reinforced

Question 10

media and gender roles- media creates rigid gender stereotypes

Answer 10

Bussey and Bandura 1999
-men more independent, ambitious and advice givers
-women dependent, unambitious and advice seekers

-Furnham and Farragher
-men more likely seen in autonomous professional roles
-women seen in domestic roles

Question 11

media and gender roles- media increases self efficiency

Answer 11

-seeing others perform gender appropriate behaviours increases childs belief that they are capable of doing so
-Mitra et al (2009) found girls in india watching programmes challenging stereotypes were more likely to see themselves as capable of doing so

Question 12

social learning explanation- observation and reinforcement

Answer 12

-gender behaviour learned from observing others and imitating
-draws attention to influence of nurture on gd

Question 13

social learning explanation-genders reinforced differently- direct

Answer 13

-praised for acting sterteotypical of their gender
-boys and girls reinforced for different behaviours, which they then reproduce

Question 14

social learning explanation- indirect vicarious reinforcement

Answer 14

-more likely to be imitated if consequences are favourable
-vicarious punishment, behaviour less likely to be imitated

Question 15

social learning explanation- children identify with role models

Answer 15

-more likely to imitate people they look up to e.g.
-part of immediate environment such as parent
-in the media
-attractive, high status
-same sex

Question 16

social learning explanation- modeling and imitation

Answer 16

-modelling occurs in 2 ways
1.mother modelling feminine behaviour cooking or cleaning
2.girl copies her mother by feeding doll or setting table, modelling behaviour

Question 17

social learning explanation-mediational processes (4)

Answer 17

1.attention
2.retention
3.motivation
4.motor reproduction

Question 18

psychodynamic explanation- phallic stage

Answer 18

-Freud developmental theory has 5 stages
-oral, anal, phallic, latent and genital
-pre phallic stage children have no understanding of gender
-phallic - 3to6 years boys oedipus complex and girls electra

Question 19

psychodynamic explanation-oedipus complex

Answer 19

-boys
-incestuous feelings for mum
-jealous hatred for father who has what they desire
-scared they will be castrated by father if he finds out
-castration anxiety

Question 20

psychodynamic theory- electra complex

Answer 20

-By Jung
-conflict of penis envy
-girls feel competition with mother for fathers love
-resent mother as they believe she is the reason they do not have a penis

Question 21

psychodynamic explanation- resolution through identification

Answer 21

-identify with same sex parent
-girls acknowledge they will never have penis, substitute this with a desire to have children and identify with mother

Question 22

psychodynamic explanation- identification leads to internalisation

Answer 22

-boys adopt attitudes and values of their father and girls mother
-‘internalisation of parents identity’

Question 23

psychodynamic explanation-little hans study-

Answer 23

-demonstrates oedipus comples
-5 year old, fear of horse biting
-stem from seeing horse die
-freud said it was due to his fear of being castrated by dad
-hans transferred fear of dad on to horses via displacement (defence mechanism)

Question 24

GST- understanding changes with age

Answer 24

-Martin and Halverson 1981
-gst also cognitive developmental (changes with age)
-contrasts SLT

Question 25

GST- organise knowledge of gender

Answer 25

-schemas develop via experience -contain what we know in relation to gender appropriate behaviour

Question 26

GST develop after gender identity

Answer 26

-establish gender identity around 2-3 years -child looks for further info to develop their schema

Question 27

gst- searching for gender info

Answer 27

-suggests search for gender appropriate info happens earlier than Kholberg said -age 3, not 7

Question 28

GST- gender stereotypes develop

Answer 28

-expand overtime to create stereotypes like girls and dolls -directs a childs behaviour -by age 6, fixed stereotypical ideas of what is appropriate for their gender

Question 29

GST- ingroup gender info remembered better than outgroup

Answer 29

-children pay more attention to their own gender (ingroup) -age 8 develop elaborate schemas for both groups

Question 30

Kohlbergs theory- cognitive developmental approach

Answer 30

-1966 theory is cognitive because childs thinking is emphasised -developmental because of changes overtime

Question 31

Kohlbergs theory- gender developmental parallels

Answer 31

-Piaget said the way a child thinks with age is biological process -Kohlberg made 3 stages from piagets idea -gradual transitions between stages

Question 32

Kohlbergs theory- stage 1

Answer 32

-gender identity -approx age 2 -able to correctly identify themselves as boy or girl -identify others by 3 -no sense of permanence of their gender

Question 33

Kohlbergs theory- stage 2

Answer 33

-gender stability -approx age 4 -realises gender is same overtime -cannot apply this logic to others -may see long haired man as a woman -believe people change if they do activities typical of other gender

Question 34

Kohlbergs theory- stage 3

Answer 34

-gender constancy -approx 6 years old -recognise gender is same over time and situations -apply this to other people

Question 35

Kohlbergs theory-search for gender appropriate role models

Answer 35

-begins at gender constancy -look for evidence to confirm their gender and stereotyping occurs